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<p>Intelligent materials that self-sense and self-adjust are an emerging frontier in sustainable technology. Here we introduce a Cu/C nanocomposite film that acts as a self-adjusting intelligent lubricant. In this film, frictional heating triggers melting and migration of Cu nanoparticles along nanopores to the friction interface, where the Cu catalyzes the in-situ formation of ordered carbon nanostructures. Real-time monitoring of friction coefficient (<i>μ</i>), electrical resistance (<i>R</i>), and metal release confirms a feedback loop: high friction generates enough heat, melting the metal nanoparticles; the migrating metal then lowers friction by creating low-friction nanostructures, which reduces heat and arrests further migration until friction rises again. This self-limiting feedback enables stable ultra-low friction (<i>μ</i> ~ 0.04) and an exceptional wear life (&gt;40 km) even in high vacuum. By utilizing friction-derived heat as an intrinsic activation signal, our system establishes a general paradigm for intelligent, self-adjusting materials with applications extending beyond tribology.</p>

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An intelligent feedback loop for sustaining self-lubrication and wear resistance

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月2日

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  • Fuyan Kang,
  • Shilin Deng,
  • Panpan Li,
  • Rui Zhao,
  • Xiaohong Liu,
  • Hongxuan Li,
  • Huidi Zhou,
  • Jianmin Chen,
  • Wengen Ouyang,
  • Li Ji

摘要

Intelligent materials that self-sense and self-adjust are an emerging frontier in sustainable technology. Here we introduce a Cu/C nanocomposite film that acts as a self-adjusting intelligent lubricant. In this film, frictional heating triggers melting and migration of Cu nanoparticles along nanopores to the friction interface, where the Cu catalyzes the in-situ formation of ordered carbon nanostructures. Real-time monitoring of friction coefficient (μ), electrical resistance (R), and metal release confirms a feedback loop: high friction generates enough heat, melting the metal nanoparticles; the migrating metal then lowers friction by creating low-friction nanostructures, which reduces heat and arrests further migration until friction rises again. This self-limiting feedback enables stable ultra-low friction (μ ~ 0.04) and an exceptional wear life (>40 km) even in high vacuum. By utilizing friction-derived heat as an intrinsic activation signal, our system establishes a general paradigm for intelligent, self-adjusting materials with applications extending beyond tribology.