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<p>Wearable sweat biosensors enable noninvasive molecular monitoring, but reliable and comfortable on-demand sweat induction remains challenging. We developed a soft, skin-conformal wearable device that integrates ultrasound-assisted sweat generation with electrochemical sensing. Low-frequency ultrasound enhanced transdermal delivery of carbachol from a hydrogel reservoir, inducing localized sweat secretion under resting conditions without electrical current or skin penetration. Under the matched 15-min experimental window used here, ultrasound-induced sweating showed lower observed skin irritation and more favorable user-rated comfort than the tested iontophoresis setting. Integrated sensors measured uric acid, pH and K+ in ultrasound-induced sweat, and sweat uric acid showed a positive correlation with serum levels in a preliminary human study. These results support wearable ultrasound as a low-irritation strategy for controlled sweat generation and downstream biomarker tracking under resting conditions.</p>

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Controlled sweat generation via ultrasound stimulation integrated in a wearable device

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月29日

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  • Litong Chen,
  • Benxing Su,
  • Geng Zhong,
  • Jing Wang,
  • Yongxiang Ji,
  • Zhongzeng Zhou,
  • Xuecheng He,
  • Tailin Xu

摘要

Wearable sweat biosensors enable noninvasive molecular monitoring, but reliable and comfortable on-demand sweat induction remains challenging. We developed a soft, skin-conformal wearable device that integrates ultrasound-assisted sweat generation with electrochemical sensing. Low-frequency ultrasound enhanced transdermal delivery of carbachol from a hydrogel reservoir, inducing localized sweat secretion under resting conditions without electrical current or skin penetration. Under the matched 15-min experimental window used here, ultrasound-induced sweating showed lower observed skin irritation and more favorable user-rated comfort than the tested iontophoresis setting. Integrated sensors measured uric acid, pH and K+ in ultrasound-induced sweat, and sweat uric acid showed a positive correlation with serum levels in a preliminary human study. These results support wearable ultrasound as a low-irritation strategy for controlled sweat generation and downstream biomarker tracking under resting conditions.