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<p>Mpox diagnosis relies on lesion swabs, which are infeasible when lesions are absent or inaccessible, limiting case detection during outbreaks and surveillance in resource-limited settings. This cross-sectional paired diagnostic study evaluated saliva, anorectal swabs, and urine as alternatives to lesion swabs (the reference standard) at the Entebbe Isolation Unit during Uganda’s 2024–2025 clade 1b outbreak. Among 120 participants (52.5% female; median age 28), 76.7% were PCR-positive. Positivity was highest for lesion swabs (83.3%), followed by saliva (81.7%), anorectal swabs (78.3%), and urine (75.8%). Viral loads did not differ significantly across specimen types, and saliva met the predefined diagnostic equivalence criteria relative to lesion swabs. Urine showed significant directional discordance. No sex-based differences in detection were observed. Here, we show that saliva is a noninvasive alternative to lesion swabs for mpox PCR diagnosis; anorectal swabs offer high sensitivity in mucosal exposure contexts; and urine is suboptimal as a standalone specimen.</p>

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Saliva, urine, and anorectal swabs as viable alternatives to lesion swabs for molecular diagnosis of mpox

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月20日

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  • Andrew Nsawotebba,
  • Valeria Nakintu,
  • Jonathan Kabazzi,
  • Rodney Kisuule,
  • Misaki Wayengera,
  • Alisen Ayitewala,
  • Caroline Makoha,
  • Samuel Jefferson Mutyaba,
  • Edward Kiyonga,
  • Sulaiman Ikoba,
  • Caroline Achola,
  • Aloysious Ssemaganda,
  • Isaac Ssewanyana,
  • Susan Nabadda

摘要

Mpox diagnosis relies on lesion swabs, which are infeasible when lesions are absent or inaccessible, limiting case detection during outbreaks and surveillance in resource-limited settings. This cross-sectional paired diagnostic study evaluated saliva, anorectal swabs, and urine as alternatives to lesion swabs (the reference standard) at the Entebbe Isolation Unit during Uganda’s 2024–2025 clade 1b outbreak. Among 120 participants (52.5% female; median age 28), 76.7% were PCR-positive. Positivity was highest for lesion swabs (83.3%), followed by saliva (81.7%), anorectal swabs (78.3%), and urine (75.8%). Viral loads did not differ significantly across specimen types, and saliva met the predefined diagnostic equivalence criteria relative to lesion swabs. Urine showed significant directional discordance. No sex-based differences in detection were observed. Here, we show that saliva is a noninvasive alternative to lesion swabs for mpox PCR diagnosis; anorectal swabs offer high sensitivity in mucosal exposure contexts; and urine is suboptimal as a standalone specimen.