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<p>Accessing diverse polarization states across the Poincaré sphere via electrical control is highly desirable in optical communications, bio-imaging and quantum information processing, where fast continuous switching, compactness, and ease of integration into photonikic circuits are essential. Layered anisotropic 2D materials enable polarization modulation in a fast and compact manner, thereby overcoming the speed and size limitations of liquid-crystal based spatial light modulators and electro-optic Pockels cell modulators. Here, we report a Fabry-Perot cavity that integrates two cross-aligned black phosphorus layers, with each layer being independently gated to access the inherently two-dimensional range of polarization states across the Poincaré sphere surface. Our heterostructure design predicts electronic access to 86% of the Poincaré sphere at its S-band operating wavelength. We experimentally validate the design by fabricating and testing such a device in reflection, where we demonstrate independent, two-parameter electronic control of the output polarization.</p>

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Electrically reconfigurable polarization control with double tri-layer black phosphorus heterostructures

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月26日

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  • Samuel K. W. Seah,
  • Souvik Biswas,
  • Claudio U. Hail,
  • George R. Rossman,
  • Harry A. Atwater

摘要

Accessing diverse polarization states across the Poincaré sphere via electrical control is highly desirable in optical communications, bio-imaging and quantum information processing, where fast continuous switching, compactness, and ease of integration into photonikic circuits are essential. Layered anisotropic 2D materials enable polarization modulation in a fast and compact manner, thereby overcoming the speed and size limitations of liquid-crystal based spatial light modulators and electro-optic Pockels cell modulators. Here, we report a Fabry-Perot cavity that integrates two cross-aligned black phosphorus layers, with each layer being independently gated to access the inherently two-dimensional range of polarization states across the Poincaré sphere surface. Our heterostructure design predicts electronic access to 86% of the Poincaré sphere at its S-band operating wavelength. We experimentally validate the design by fabricating and testing such a device in reflection, where we demonstrate independent, two-parameter electronic control of the output polarization.