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<p>Hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) plays various roles in the ocean, acting as a signaling molecule at low concentrations and causing oxidative stress when accumulated. Here, we use transcriptomics, genetics, and metabolomics to study H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> dynamics in the interaction between <i>Emiliania huxleyi</i> algae and <i>Phaeobacter inhibens</i> bacteria. We find that H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> levels rise during algal death and that bacterial H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> production triggers this demise. In co-cultures, but not in axenic algal cultures, chemically reducing H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> levels prevents algal death, whereas chemically increasing H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> levels accelerates algal death. We also uncover a link between H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and betaine metabolism: aging algae release betaine, which promotes bacterial H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> production that contributes to algal death. In environmental samples, bacterial genes involved in H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and betaine metabolism are highly expressed towards the demise of a natural algal bloom. Together, our findings identify H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and betaine as key molecules that modulate algal-bacterial interactions.</p>

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Algal Betaine Triggers Bacterial Hydrogen Peroxide Production that Promotes Algal Demise

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月19日

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  • Delia A. Narváez-Barragán,
  • Lilach Yuda,
  • Dayana Yahalomi,
  • Valeria Lipsman,
  • Sergey Malitsky,
  • Einat Segev

摘要

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) plays various roles in the ocean, acting as a signaling molecule at low concentrations and causing oxidative stress when accumulated. Here, we use transcriptomics, genetics, and metabolomics to study H2O2 dynamics in the interaction between Emiliania huxleyi algae and Phaeobacter inhibens bacteria. We find that H2O2 levels rise during algal death and that bacterial H2O2 production triggers this demise. In co-cultures, but not in axenic algal cultures, chemically reducing H2O2 levels prevents algal death, whereas chemically increasing H2O2 levels accelerates algal death. We also uncover a link between H2O2 and betaine metabolism: aging algae release betaine, which promotes bacterial H2O2 production that contributes to algal death. In environmental samples, bacterial genes involved in H2O2 and betaine metabolism are highly expressed towards the demise of a natural algal bloom. Together, our findings identify H2O2 and betaine as key molecules that modulate algal-bacterial interactions.