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<p>Magnetic interactions between localized spins-½ play a central role in quantum magnetism, spin-based quantum computing, and quantum simulation. The range and strength of these interactions are key figures of merit. Here, we probe exchange interactions in pairs of spins-½ introduced by chemisorption of individual hydrogen atoms on graphene. Using scanning tunneling microscopy and inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy, supported by large-scale mean-field Hubbard calculations, we demonstrate 3 meV exchange couplings at separations beyond 10 nm, surpassing all prior systems. The couplings can be ferro- or antiferromagnetic depending on the relative sublattice arrangement. Real-space mapping of spin excitation amplitudes enables characterization with atomic-resolution. Through atomic manipulation we extend this control to spin trimers, revealing collective spin excitations when pairwise exchange couplings are comparable.</p>

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Ultra-long-range spin coupling in graphene revealed by atomically resolved spin excitations

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月19日

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  • Beatriz Viña-Bausá,
  • António Tavares Costa,
  • Joao Henriques,
  • Eva Cortés-del Río,
  • Roberto Carrasco,
  • Pierre Mallet,
  • Jean-Yves Veuillen,
  • Joaquín Fernández-Rossier,
  • Iván Brihuega

摘要

Magnetic interactions between localized spins-½ play a central role in quantum magnetism, spin-based quantum computing, and quantum simulation. The range and strength of these interactions are key figures of merit. Here, we probe exchange interactions in pairs of spins-½ introduced by chemisorption of individual hydrogen atoms on graphene. Using scanning tunneling microscopy and inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy, supported by large-scale mean-field Hubbard calculations, we demonstrate 3 meV exchange couplings at separations beyond 10 nm, surpassing all prior systems. The couplings can be ferro- or antiferromagnetic depending on the relative sublattice arrangement. Real-space mapping of spin excitation amplitudes enables characterization with atomic-resolution. Through atomic manipulation we extend this control to spin trimers, revealing collective spin excitations when pairwise exchange couplings are comparable.