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<p>Hardware-level security is crucial for establishing trust in the rapidly expanding Internet-of-Things (IoT) and edge computing systems. A promising approach employs physical unclonable functions (PUFs) which leverage intrinsic process variations to generate unique and irreproducible identifiers. However, conventional silicon-based PUFs often suffer from limited entropy and lack of reconfigurability, becoming vulnerable to machine learning attacks. Here, we present an optically reconfigurable PUF based on a 64-cell array of five-stage ring oscillators fabricated from wafer-scale monolayer MoS<sub>2</sub>. The system exhibits spectrally selective frequency shifts under red, green, and blue (RGB) illumination, establishing a dynamic optical entropy dimension that enables on-demand, reversible rekeying without hardware modification. We develop a robust key-generation pipeline combining within-chip normalization, random-projection q-ary quantization, and the Secure Hash Algorithm 256 (SHA-256) privacy amplification, followed by hash-based message authentication code (HMAC)-based key derivation. The resulting keys demonstrate near-ideal uniformity (~50%) and inter-device Hamming distance (~0.677 at q = 3, 39 ~ 0.761 at q = 4), while remaining resilient to advanced machine learning attacks (≤ 52% accuracy). We further demonstrate image encryption and authentication with noise-like ciphertexts and reliable tamper detection. This work introduces a promising class of material-intrinsic, optically addressable security primitives for trusted edge computing applications.</p>

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Optically reconfigurable physical unclonable functions based on 2D MoS2 ring-oscillator arrays for attack-resistant hardware authentication

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月28日

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  • Tong Li,
  • Yuchao Zhou,
  • Xingchao Zhang,
  • Qing Guan,
  • Haoyang Cheng,
  • Liangfeng Huang,
  • Hongyue Du,
  • Yi Wang,
  • Yixiao Li,
  • Hua Yu,
  • Na Li,
  • Rong Yang,
  • Guangyu Zhang

摘要

Hardware-level security is crucial for establishing trust in the rapidly expanding Internet-of-Things (IoT) and edge computing systems. A promising approach employs physical unclonable functions (PUFs) which leverage intrinsic process variations to generate unique and irreproducible identifiers. However, conventional silicon-based PUFs often suffer from limited entropy and lack of reconfigurability, becoming vulnerable to machine learning attacks. Here, we present an optically reconfigurable PUF based on a 64-cell array of five-stage ring oscillators fabricated from wafer-scale monolayer MoS2. The system exhibits spectrally selective frequency shifts under red, green, and blue (RGB) illumination, establishing a dynamic optical entropy dimension that enables on-demand, reversible rekeying without hardware modification. We develop a robust key-generation pipeline combining within-chip normalization, random-projection q-ary quantization, and the Secure Hash Algorithm 256 (SHA-256) privacy amplification, followed by hash-based message authentication code (HMAC)-based key derivation. The resulting keys demonstrate near-ideal uniformity (~50%) and inter-device Hamming distance (~0.677 at q = 3, 39 ~ 0.761 at q = 4), while remaining resilient to advanced machine learning attacks (≤ 52% accuracy). We further demonstrate image encryption and authentication with noise-like ciphertexts and reliable tamper detection. This work introduces a promising class of material-intrinsic, optically addressable security primitives for trusted edge computing applications.