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<p>Afterglow from purely organic solids has drawn increasing attention over the past decade. In carbazole-based systems, recent studies revised earlier aggregation-state explanations and implicated trace carbazole analog impurities as the origin. However, the widely assumed charge-trapping mechanism cannot account for exponential decay kinetics, lacks robust experimental validation and leaves some photophysical features unexplained. Here we establish the mechanism by revisiting two representative series of carbazole–analog host–guest systems. Quantitative spectral decomposition and comparative photophysics reveal that the afterglow is dominated by guest phosphorescence, accompanied by an extremely weak power-law long-persistent luminescence. The analog guests are confirmed to act as deep triplet exciton traps and shallow hole traps, the latter of which can enhance hole-transport-type long-persistent luminescence. These insights clarify previously unresolved mechanisms and establish a unified framework for luminescence that integrates energy transfer, exciton diffusion, and three afterglow pathways (delayed fluorescence, room-temperature phosphorescence and long-persistent luminescence), offering design principles for brighter and more persistent purely organic afterglow materials.</p>

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Unveiling the emission mechanism in analog-doped carbazole-based organic afterglow materials

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月16日

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  • Zesen Lin,
  • Peng Lan,
  • Zheng Yin,
  • Xiaochun Fan,
  • Jie Kong,
  • Xianhe Zhang,
  • Wei Zhang,
  • Rengo Yoshioka,
  • Xun Tang,
  • Zhu Wu,
  • Youichi Tsuchiya,
  • Ryota Kabe,
  • Meng Zhou,
  • Chihaya Adachi,
  • Bin Liu

摘要

Afterglow from purely organic solids has drawn increasing attention over the past decade. In carbazole-based systems, recent studies revised earlier aggregation-state explanations and implicated trace carbazole analog impurities as the origin. However, the widely assumed charge-trapping mechanism cannot account for exponential decay kinetics, lacks robust experimental validation and leaves some photophysical features unexplained. Here we establish the mechanism by revisiting two representative series of carbazole–analog host–guest systems. Quantitative spectral decomposition and comparative photophysics reveal that the afterglow is dominated by guest phosphorescence, accompanied by an extremely weak power-law long-persistent luminescence. The analog guests are confirmed to act as deep triplet exciton traps and shallow hole traps, the latter of which can enhance hole-transport-type long-persistent luminescence. These insights clarify previously unresolved mechanisms and establish a unified framework for luminescence that integrates energy transfer, exciton diffusion, and three afterglow pathways (delayed fluorescence, room-temperature phosphorescence and long-persistent luminescence), offering design principles for brighter and more persistent purely organic afterglow materials.