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<p>Time crystals spontaneously break the time translation symmetry, as recently has been frequently reported in quantum systems. Here we describe the observation of classical analogs of both 1 + 1-dimensional and 2 + 1-dimensional discrete space-time crystals in a liquid crystal system driven by a Floquet electrical signal. These classical time crystals comprise particle-like structural features and exist over a wide range of temperatures and electrical driving conditions. The phenomenon-enabling period-doubling effect in 1 + 1-dimensional discrete space-time crystals comes from their topological Majorana-like quasiparticle features, where periodic inter-transformations of co-existing topological solitons and disclinations emerge in response to external stimuli and play pivotal roles. Our discrete space-time crystals exhibit robustness against temporal perturbations and spatial defects. Our findings show that the simultaneous symmetry breaking in time and space can be a widespread occurrence in numerous open systems, not only in quantum but also in a classical soft matter context.</p>

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Emergent discrete space-time crystal of Majorana-like quasiparticles in chiral liquid crystals

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月24日

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  • Hanqing Zhao,
  • Rui Zhang,
  • Ivan I. Smalyukh

摘要

Time crystals spontaneously break the time translation symmetry, as recently has been frequently reported in quantum systems. Here we describe the observation of classical analogs of both 1 + 1-dimensional and 2 + 1-dimensional discrete space-time crystals in a liquid crystal system driven by a Floquet electrical signal. These classical time crystals comprise particle-like structural features and exist over a wide range of temperatures and electrical driving conditions. The phenomenon-enabling period-doubling effect in 1 + 1-dimensional discrete space-time crystals comes from their topological Majorana-like quasiparticle features, where periodic inter-transformations of co-existing topological solitons and disclinations emerge in response to external stimuli and play pivotal roles. Our discrete space-time crystals exhibit robustness against temporal perturbations and spatial defects. Our findings show that the simultaneous symmetry breaking in time and space can be a widespread occurrence in numerous open systems, not only in quantum but also in a classical soft matter context.