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<p>Near-infrared-II carbon dots offer exceptional deep-tissue penetration for biomedical imaging, but challenges remain in their synthesis and photoluminescence mechanisms. Here, we report three carbon dots (CDs-1, CDs-2, CDs-3) with tunable emission from the visible to the Near-infrared-II (480–1265 nm), synthesized by constructing extended aniline-based frameworks from <i>p</i>-phenylenediamine. Combined structural and density functional theory analyses reveal that the Near-infrared-II redshift arises from the enhanced molecular dipole moments and electron-acceptor ability of the precursor, as well as the accumulation of graphene domains and pyrrolic nitrogen doping during carbonization polymerization, which collectively drive the narrowing of the energy gap. CDs-3 shows 15 mm penetration depth in gallbladder Near-infrared-II imaging (vs. clinically used indocyanine green 2 mm). With 1.44 signal-to-noise ratio and 334.5 μm resolution, it enables precise monitoring of biliary strictures/leakage. Selenium-doping-derived functionalized composite nanomaterials (CDs-3@pPB) exhibit potent reactive oxygen species scavenging and theranostic efficacy in liver fibrosis. This work elucidates the mechanism underlying the redshift of carbon dots emission into the Near-infrared-II and establishes a nanoplatform for hepatobiliary theranostics, demonstrating substantial clinical potential.</p>

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Engineering NIR-II carbon dots through aniline extension with graphene and nitrogen enrichment for hepatobiliary theranostics

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月2日

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  • Lijuan Yang,
  • Man Li,
  • Yisheng Peng,
  • Yu Zhou,
  • Junjie Zou,
  • Huanhuan Liu,
  • Wenxiang Zhang,
  • Jie Liu,
  • Peng He,
  • Fan Dai,
  • Jingwen Zheng,
  • Jing Lin,
  • Songnan Qu,
  • Zhixiang Lu,
  • Gang Liu

摘要

Near-infrared-II carbon dots offer exceptional deep-tissue penetration for biomedical imaging, but challenges remain in their synthesis and photoluminescence mechanisms. Here, we report three carbon dots (CDs-1, CDs-2, CDs-3) with tunable emission from the visible to the Near-infrared-II (480–1265 nm), synthesized by constructing extended aniline-based frameworks from p-phenylenediamine. Combined structural and density functional theory analyses reveal that the Near-infrared-II redshift arises from the enhanced molecular dipole moments and electron-acceptor ability of the precursor, as well as the accumulation of graphene domains and pyrrolic nitrogen doping during carbonization polymerization, which collectively drive the narrowing of the energy gap. CDs-3 shows 15 mm penetration depth in gallbladder Near-infrared-II imaging (vs. clinically used indocyanine green 2 mm). With 1.44 signal-to-noise ratio and 334.5 μm resolution, it enables precise monitoring of biliary strictures/leakage. Selenium-doping-derived functionalized composite nanomaterials (CDs-3@pPB) exhibit potent reactive oxygen species scavenging and theranostic efficacy in liver fibrosis. This work elucidates the mechanism underlying the redshift of carbon dots emission into the Near-infrared-II and establishes a nanoplatform for hepatobiliary theranostics, demonstrating substantial clinical potential.