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<p>Advances in single-cell sequencing have enabled AI-driven foundation models with powerful data representation. However, their practical use is limited by real-world data sparsity, heterogeneity, and poor interpretability. To overcome these, we introduce CellVQ. To enhance generalizability, we incorporate a large-scale single-cell dataset comprising 68 million cells, model parameters totaling 500 million, and challenging pretraining tasks. Notably, we introduce a Single-Cell Discretization (SCD) module that effectively represents cell embeddings, addressing data heterogeneity. For improved interpretability, the SCD module transforms high-dimensional and sparse single-cell data into a “cell code,” facilitating recognition and analysis. Additionally, we also present CellVQ-Graph, a plug-and-play tool that integrates CellVQ’s features with multimodal data (genes, cell communication, annotations) to build a knowledge graph for biological discovery. Extensively evaluated, CellVQ outperforms strong baselines in all downstream tasks, and also uncovered intriguing biological phenomena with compelling explanations. CellVQ aspires to serve as a truly applicable and generalizable AI tool for the cell biology community.</p>

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Illuminating cell states by a comprehensive and interpretable single cell foundation model

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月16日

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  • Jue Wang,
  • Cheng Tan,
  • Zhangyang Gao,
  • Sida Shao,
  • Shiping Liu,
  • Stan. Z. Li

摘要

Advances in single-cell sequencing have enabled AI-driven foundation models with powerful data representation. However, their practical use is limited by real-world data sparsity, heterogeneity, and poor interpretability. To overcome these, we introduce CellVQ. To enhance generalizability, we incorporate a large-scale single-cell dataset comprising 68 million cells, model parameters totaling 500 million, and challenging pretraining tasks. Notably, we introduce a Single-Cell Discretization (SCD) module that effectively represents cell embeddings, addressing data heterogeneity. For improved interpretability, the SCD module transforms high-dimensional and sparse single-cell data into a “cell code,” facilitating recognition and analysis. Additionally, we also present CellVQ-Graph, a plug-and-play tool that integrates CellVQ’s features with multimodal data (genes, cell communication, annotations) to build a knowledge graph for biological discovery. Extensively evaluated, CellVQ outperforms strong baselines in all downstream tasks, and also uncovered intriguing biological phenomena with compelling explanations. CellVQ aspires to serve as a truly applicable and generalizable AI tool for the cell biology community.