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<p>Lime-based precipitation, though widely adopted for wastewater phosphorus (P) removal, suffers from surface passivation. The passivation layer inhibits Ca<sup>2+</sup> release, forcing excessive dosing while yielding low-quality sludge and effluent with elevated hardness and pH. Limestone, despite its economic and environmental benefits, exhibits limited efficacy under fluctuating alkalinity. Here, we develop a limestone-integrated electrochemical system that spatially decouples the dissolution and precipitation reactions. By strategically positioning limestone at the acidic anode, we ensure sustained Ca<sup>2+</sup> release without passivation, while cathodic alkalinity enables efficient P recovery (85.7%). The system produces high-purity products (15.2 wt% P) at low energy consumption (14.8 kWh kg P<sup>–1</sup>) and delivers superior effluent quality. Beyond its robustness and capacity flexibility over long-term operation, the electrochemical strategy reduces overall costs by 73.2% and carbon emissions by 29.1%, positioning it as a cost-effective and sustainable alternative to traditional lime-based wastewater treatment with remarkable passivation resistance and resource recovery efficiency.</p>

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Spatially decoupled electrochemical strategy for lime passivation prevention and sustainable phosphate recovery

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月6日

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  • Zhengshuo Zhan,
  • Jingwen Lv,
  • Jiyao Liu,
  • Weiquan Li,
  • Chongxuan Liu,
  • Yang Lei

摘要

Lime-based precipitation, though widely adopted for wastewater phosphorus (P) removal, suffers from surface passivation. The passivation layer inhibits Ca2+ release, forcing excessive dosing while yielding low-quality sludge and effluent with elevated hardness and pH. Limestone, despite its economic and environmental benefits, exhibits limited efficacy under fluctuating alkalinity. Here, we develop a limestone-integrated electrochemical system that spatially decouples the dissolution and precipitation reactions. By strategically positioning limestone at the acidic anode, we ensure sustained Ca2+ release without passivation, while cathodic alkalinity enables efficient P recovery (85.7%). The system produces high-purity products (15.2 wt% P) at low energy consumption (14.8 kWh kg P–1) and delivers superior effluent quality. Beyond its robustness and capacity flexibility over long-term operation, the electrochemical strategy reduces overall costs by 73.2% and carbon emissions by 29.1%, positioning it as a cost-effective and sustainable alternative to traditional lime-based wastewater treatment with remarkable passivation resistance and resource recovery efficiency.