<p>Lithium-ion battery (LIB) recycling is crucial for energy security, environmental sustainability, and economic viability, as the finite lifespan of LIBs results in a significant annual accumulation of spent units. However, effectively and precisely recovering valuable metal ions such as Li<sup>+</sup>, Mn<sup>2+</sup>, Ni<sup>2+</sup> and Co<sup>2+</sup> from complex LIB leaching solutions remains a major challenge. Here, we present a scalable electro-membrane crystallization-assisted general recycling (e-MCGR) technology for the selective and efficient recovery of those metal ions from LIB leaching solutions. By synergistically integrating electrochemical and electro-membrane technologies, our proposed technology incorporates four key configurations: selective membrane dual-stage distillation, bipolar membrane in-situ crystallization, membrane metal-complexing ex-situ crystallization, and membrane metal-extracting temporal crystallization. We systematically analyze the metal-ion transfer kinetics of electro-membranes (ion selectivity and permeation rates) and the performance of electro-membrane crystallization systems (recovery rates and product purity), alongside evaluating energy consumption, economic viability, and environmental benefits. Our optimized e-MCGR process achieves a recovery of 95.5% for Li<sup>+</sup>, 99.5% for Mn<sup>2+</sup>, 83.1% for Ni<sup>2+</sup>, and 87.3% for Co<sup>2+</sup>, yielding high product purities of 99.9% for Li<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>, 99.9% for Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, 99.5% for Ni(OH)<sub>2</sub> and 92.5% for Co(OH)<sub>2</sub>. The e-MCGR technology demonstrates significant potential to reshape LIB recycling paradigms, aligning technological efficiency with energy, environmental and economic sustainability.</p>

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Lithium-ion battery recycling through an integrated electro-membrane crystallization technology

  • Yan Zhao,
  • Yangbo Qiu,
  • Lei Xia,
  • Xi Zhang,
  • Shuang Zheng,
  • Gang Lu,
  • Jin Shang,
  • Raf Dewil,
  • Seth B. Darling,
  • Bart Van der Bruggen,
  • Chuyang Tang

摘要

Lithium-ion battery (LIB) recycling is crucial for energy security, environmental sustainability, and economic viability, as the finite lifespan of LIBs results in a significant annual accumulation of spent units. However, effectively and precisely recovering valuable metal ions such as Li+, Mn2+, Ni2+ and Co2+ from complex LIB leaching solutions remains a major challenge. Here, we present a scalable electro-membrane crystallization-assisted general recycling (e-MCGR) technology for the selective and efficient recovery of those metal ions from LIB leaching solutions. By synergistically integrating electrochemical and electro-membrane technologies, our proposed technology incorporates four key configurations: selective membrane dual-stage distillation, bipolar membrane in-situ crystallization, membrane metal-complexing ex-situ crystallization, and membrane metal-extracting temporal crystallization. We systematically analyze the metal-ion transfer kinetics of electro-membranes (ion selectivity and permeation rates) and the performance of electro-membrane crystallization systems (recovery rates and product purity), alongside evaluating energy consumption, economic viability, and environmental benefits. Our optimized e-MCGR process achieves a recovery of 95.5% for Li+, 99.5% for Mn2+, 83.1% for Ni2+, and 87.3% for Co2+, yielding high product purities of 99.9% for Li2CO3, 99.9% for Mn3O4, 99.5% for Ni(OH)2 and 92.5% for Co(OH)2. The e-MCGR technology demonstrates significant potential to reshape LIB recycling paradigms, aligning technological efficiency with energy, environmental and economic sustainability.