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<p>Electrochromic (EC) windows face trade-offs in cost, switching speed, color neutrality, and durability. We present solution-processed n-doped poly(benzodifurandione) (n-PBDF) as a robust organic conductor for black EC windows overcoming these limitations. Utilizing an engineered solvent ink and ultrasonic spray coating, we achieve uniform large-area n-PBDF deposition under ambient conditions without additives. n-PBDF EC electrodes show unprecedented weathering durability (maintaining performance under simultaneous exposure to light (including UV), heat, and humidity for &gt;768 h), addressing a key barrier for organic EC materials. The electrodes exhibit deep black coloration with color neutrality, rapid switching (&lt;2 s), and remarkable cycling stability (&gt;20,000 cycles). Large-area EC devices demonstrate uniform switching performance, confirming scalable fabrication. Building energy simulations of the EC window reveal significant HVAC savings potential across diverse transitional climates. This work establishes n-PBDF as a scalable, high-performance alternative to conventional inorganic EC systems, advancing the viability of solution-processable smart windows for sustainable architecture.</p>

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Robust fast-switching black electrochromic windows based on solution-processed n-doped transparent organic conductor

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月14日

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  • Won-June Lee,
  • Palak Mehra,
  • Jonathan R. Thurston,
  • Yanpei Tian,
  • Xiaojie Liu,
  • Sanket Samal,
  • Liyan You,
  • Inho Song,
  • Xiulin Ruan,
  • Michael F. Toney,
  • Jianguo Mei

摘要

Electrochromic (EC) windows face trade-offs in cost, switching speed, color neutrality, and durability. We present solution-processed n-doped poly(benzodifurandione) (n-PBDF) as a robust organic conductor for black EC windows overcoming these limitations. Utilizing an engineered solvent ink and ultrasonic spray coating, we achieve uniform large-area n-PBDF deposition under ambient conditions without additives. n-PBDF EC electrodes show unprecedented weathering durability (maintaining performance under simultaneous exposure to light (including UV), heat, and humidity for >768 h), addressing a key barrier for organic EC materials. The electrodes exhibit deep black coloration with color neutrality, rapid switching (<2 s), and remarkable cycling stability (>20,000 cycles). Large-area EC devices demonstrate uniform switching performance, confirming scalable fabrication. Building energy simulations of the EC window reveal significant HVAC savings potential across diverse transitional climates. This work establishes n-PBDF as a scalable, high-performance alternative to conventional inorganic EC systems, advancing the viability of solution-processable smart windows for sustainable architecture.