<p>Alkaline hydrothermal vents are plausible environments for the emergence of life on Earth. By means of a simplified analogical reconstruction of the vent-ocean interface of these systems reproducing early Earth conditions, we show that iron (oxy-hydr)oxide minerals may have carried out proto-bioenergetic processes driven by pH and redox gradients. The initial pH gradient precipitates the iron (oxy-hydr)oxide mineral barriers (magnetite, green rust and amakinite) and yields reducing conditions, enabling the production of metallic iron at room temperature via the disproportionation of Fe<sup>2+</sup> to Fe<sup>3+</sup> and Fe<sup>0</sup>. The crystallographic association of Fe<sup>0</sup> surrounded by magnetite suggests the coupling of Fe<sup>3+</sup> / H<sub>2</sub> co-production at ambient temperature by amakinite oxidation with the thermodynamically unfavorable reduction of Fe<sup>2+</sup> to Fe<sup>0</sup>. This abiotic disproportionation process coupling exergonic and endergonic reactions may serve as a proto-bioenergetic mechanism increasing the non-equilibrium reduction state of the system and offers an interesting analog of the biological electronic bifurcation reaction, the free energy coupling being a fundamental thermodynamic trait of life-as-we-know-it.</p>

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Fe2+ disproportionation within iron-rich alkaline vent analogues reveals proto-bioenergetic systems

  • Chloé Truong,
  • Nil Gaudu,
  • Orion Farr,
  • Adriana Clouet,
  • Daniel Ferry,
  • François Guyot,
  • Georges Ona-Nguema,
  • Christian Ruby,
  • Wolfgang Nitschke,
  • Olivier Grauby,
  • Simon Duval

摘要

Alkaline hydrothermal vents are plausible environments for the emergence of life on Earth. By means of a simplified analogical reconstruction of the vent-ocean interface of these systems reproducing early Earth conditions, we show that iron (oxy-hydr)oxide minerals may have carried out proto-bioenergetic processes driven by pH and redox gradients. The initial pH gradient precipitates the iron (oxy-hydr)oxide mineral barriers (magnetite, green rust and amakinite) and yields reducing conditions, enabling the production of metallic iron at room temperature via the disproportionation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ and Fe0. The crystallographic association of Fe0 surrounded by magnetite suggests the coupling of Fe3+ / H2 co-production at ambient temperature by amakinite oxidation with the thermodynamically unfavorable reduction of Fe2+ to Fe0. This abiotic disproportionation process coupling exergonic and endergonic reactions may serve as a proto-bioenergetic mechanism increasing the non-equilibrium reduction state of the system and offers an interesting analog of the biological electronic bifurcation reaction, the free energy coupling being a fundamental thermodynamic trait of life-as-we-know-it.