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<p>The photo-thermal stability of tin-lead perovskite solar cells remains a major challenge. SnF<sub>2</sub> is commonly used to inhibit Sn<sup>2+</sup> oxidation and reduce hole density, however, the stability of devices remains poor. Here, we found that the poor stability partially results from an adverse effect of SnF<sub>2</sub>, which reacts with formamidine iodide during photo-thermal treatments. This reaction leads to degradation of perovskite and release of hydrofluoric acid, which corrodes electrodes. To address this issue, we develop a strategy that combines lead powder in precursor with PbF<sub>2</sub> post-treatment, replacing the role of SnF<sub>2</sub> as in film formation and surface defect passivation, respectively. The d-electron polarization in Pb<sup>2+</sup> strengthens its bond with F<sup>⁻</sup>, making it react inert to perovskite. In this work, the efficiency of SnF<sub>2</sub>-free devices increases from 16.43% to 24.07%. The cells retain 60% of their initial efficiency after 550 hours operating at 85 °C under maximum power point.</p>

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A tin fluoride-free, efficient and durable tin-lead perovskite solar cell

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月12日

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  • Haobo Yuan,
  • Wenxiao Zhang,
  • Feng Wang,
  • Jianhong Xu,
  • Yuyang Hu,
  • Xuemin Guo,
  • Yunfei Li,
  • Bo Feng,
  • Zhengbo Cui,
  • Wen Li,
  • Sheng Fu,
  • Xiaodong Li,
  • Feng Gao,
  • Junfeng Fang

摘要

The photo-thermal stability of tin-lead perovskite solar cells remains a major challenge. SnF2 is commonly used to inhibit Sn2+ oxidation and reduce hole density, however, the stability of devices remains poor. Here, we found that the poor stability partially results from an adverse effect of SnF2, which reacts with formamidine iodide during photo-thermal treatments. This reaction leads to degradation of perovskite and release of hydrofluoric acid, which corrodes electrodes. To address this issue, we develop a strategy that combines lead powder in precursor with PbF2 post-treatment, replacing the role of SnF2 as in film formation and surface defect passivation, respectively. The d-electron polarization in Pb2+ strengthens its bond with F⁻, making it react inert to perovskite. In this work, the efficiency of SnF2-free devices increases from 16.43% to 24.07%. The cells retain 60% of their initial efficiency after 550 hours operating at 85 °C under maximum power point.