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<p>For dual-band electrochromic smart windows to achieve widespread adoption, challenges such as slow switching, poor stability, and high power consumption must be addressed. This study introduces a polyviologen|zinc mesh|WO<sub>3</sub> ⋅ 2H<sub>2</sub>O electrochromic energy storage device (EESD) with a PEDOT: PSS layer to enhance conductivity and prevent polyviologen degradation. By utilizing a dual-cathode design, the EESD enables fast switching and operates in four distinct modes—transparent, visible colored, near-infrared colored, and fully colored—allowing adaptive light regulation (320–2500 nm) to optimize energy efficiency across different seasons and times of day. Its self-operating and energy recovery features achieve zero energy consumption while maintaining functionality similar to conventional glass. Simulations indicate that a large-scale deployment across the U.S. can save 66.87 billion MWh, amounting to $7.35 trillion, and reduce CO<sub>2</sub> emissions by 66.94 billion tons. With its rapid switching, long-term durability, and scalability, this device presents significant economic and environmental advantages for real-world applications.</p>

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Fast-switching dual-cathode electrochromic smart windows for year-round building energy savings

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月30日

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  • Fayong Sun,
  • Raksha Pal,
  • Soo Yeon Eom,
  • Jae Won Choi,
  • Wei Zhang,
  • Beomjin Jeong,
  • Jong S. Park

摘要

For dual-band electrochromic smart windows to achieve widespread adoption, challenges such as slow switching, poor stability, and high power consumption must be addressed. This study introduces a polyviologen|zinc mesh|WO3 ⋅ 2H2O electrochromic energy storage device (EESD) with a PEDOT: PSS layer to enhance conductivity and prevent polyviologen degradation. By utilizing a dual-cathode design, the EESD enables fast switching and operates in four distinct modes—transparent, visible colored, near-infrared colored, and fully colored—allowing adaptive light regulation (320–2500 nm) to optimize energy efficiency across different seasons and times of day. Its self-operating and energy recovery features achieve zero energy consumption while maintaining functionality similar to conventional glass. Simulations indicate that a large-scale deployment across the U.S. can save 66.87 billion MWh, amounting to $7.35 trillion, and reduce CO2 emissions by 66.94 billion tons. With its rapid switching, long-term durability, and scalability, this device presents significant economic and environmental advantages for real-world applications.