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<p>Engineering replacement organs is the next frontier in therapeutic technologies. Yet, the integration of innervation—critical for organ development, function, and homeostasis—remains underexplored. This review highlights the role of neural inputs in regulating critical organs including pancreas, liver, salivary gland, and spleen. We examine organ-specific neuroanatomy and emerging strategies to incorporate neuronal-axonal networks in engineered organs, drawing from innovations in scaffold design, multi-cell culture techniques, neural engineering, and biofabrication. Finally, we discuss tools for evaluating innervation across in vitro, preclinical, and clinical settings, advocating for innervation as a core design element in next-generation artificial organs.</p>

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The nerve center of organ engineering

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月7日

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  • Suradip Das,
  • Wisberty J. Gordián-Vélez,
  • Jay R. Dave,
  • Zarina S. Ali,
  • Harry C. Ledebur,
  • D. Kacy Cullen

摘要

Engineering replacement organs is the next frontier in therapeutic technologies. Yet, the integration of innervation—critical for organ development, function, and homeostasis—remains underexplored. This review highlights the role of neural inputs in regulating critical organs including pancreas, liver, salivary gland, and spleen. We examine organ-specific neuroanatomy and emerging strategies to incorporate neuronal-axonal networks in engineered organs, drawing from innovations in scaffold design, multi-cell culture techniques, neural engineering, and biofabrication. Finally, we discuss tools for evaluating innervation across in vitro, preclinical, and clinical settings, advocating for innervation as a core design element in next-generation artificial organs.