<p>Coupling a Rydberg vapour medium to both microwave and optical fields enables the benefits of all-optical detection, such as minimal disturbance of the measured field and resilience to very strong signals, since no conventional antenna is required. However, peak sensitivity typically relies on adding a microwave local oscillator, which compromises the all-optical nature of the measurement. Here we introduce an alternative, <i>optical-bias detection</i>, that maintains fully optical operation while achieving high sensitivity. To address laser phase noise, which is critical in this approach, we perform a simultaneous measurement of the noise using a nonlinear process and correct it in real time via data processing. This yields a 35 dB improvement in signal-to-noise ratio compared with the basic method. We demonstrate a sensitivity of <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41467_2025_63951_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="21" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="120" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(176\,{{{\rm{nV}}}}/{{{\rm{cm}}}}/\sqrt{{{{\rm{Hz}}}}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mn>176</mn> <mspace width="0.25em" /> <mi mathvariant="normal">nV</mi> <mo>/</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">cm</mi> <mo>/</mo> <msqrt> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Hz</mi> </mrow> </msqrt> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, reliable operation up to 3.5 mV/cm at 13.9 GHz, and quadrature-amplitude modulated data transmission, underlining the ability to detect microwave field quadratures while preserving the unique advantages of all-optical detection.</p>

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Optically-biased Rydberg microwave receiver enabled by hybrid nonlinear interferometry

  • Sebastian Borówka,
  • Mateusz Mazelanik,
  • Wojciech Wasilewski,
  • Michał Parniak

摘要

Coupling a Rydberg vapour medium to both microwave and optical fields enables the benefits of all-optical detection, such as minimal disturbance of the measured field and resilience to very strong signals, since no conventional antenna is required. However, peak sensitivity typically relies on adding a microwave local oscillator, which compromises the all-optical nature of the measurement. Here we introduce an alternative, optical-bias detection, that maintains fully optical operation while achieving high sensitivity. To address laser phase noise, which is critical in this approach, we perform a simultaneous measurement of the noise using a nonlinear process and correct it in real time via data processing. This yields a 35 dB improvement in signal-to-noise ratio compared with the basic method. We demonstrate a sensitivity of \(176\,{{{\rm{nV}}}}/{{{\rm{cm}}}}/\sqrt{{{{\rm{Hz}}}}}\) 176 nV / cm / Hz , reliable operation up to 3.5 mV/cm at 13.9 GHz, and quadrature-amplitude modulated data transmission, underlining the ability to detect microwave field quadratures while preserving the unique advantages of all-optical detection.