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<p>Hydrogen-based direct reduced iron (H<sub>2</sub>-DRI) is crucial for decarbonizing the steel sector but is limited by the availability of renewable energy. Here, we propose H<sub>2</sub>-DRI deployment schemes&#xa0;in China’s steel sector&#xa0;at moderate and aggressive scales, incorporating three renewable energy sources with a resolution of 1 km × 1 km across 570 steel units. Results indicate that 52.6–55.8% of China’s current steel units lack sufficient renewable energy supply for H<sub>2</sub>-DRI deployment due to uneven distribution of these energy sources. Renewable energy&#xa0;can fulfill 97-100% of hydrogen demand at the moderate scale, whereas the aggressive scale requires supplemented fossil fuels accounting for one-third to one-half. H<sub>2</sub>-DRI can&#xa0;decarbonize steel production to 0.15–0.91 t CO<sub>2</sub> t<sup>-1</sup> steel at the moderate scale, but the emissions would raise by up to over sixfold at the aggressive scale. Furthermore, H<sub>2</sub>-DRI fueled by solar and wind energy exhibits poorer economic and water usage performance at the aggressive scale. We highlight the necessity of avoiding excessive H<sub>2</sub>-DRI deployment&#xa0;and recommend&#xa0;prioritizing its implementation in steel units located in regions with abundant solar and wind sources nearby.</p>

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Uneven renewable energy supply constrains the decarbonization effects of excessively deployed hydrogen-based DRI technology

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月27日

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  • Yihan Wang,
  • Chen Chen,
  • Yuan Tao,
  • Zongguo Wen

摘要

Hydrogen-based direct reduced iron (H2-DRI) is crucial for decarbonizing the steel sector but is limited by the availability of renewable energy. Here, we propose H2-DRI deployment schemes in China’s steel sector at moderate and aggressive scales, incorporating three renewable energy sources with a resolution of 1 km × 1 km across 570 steel units. Results indicate that 52.6–55.8% of China’s current steel units lack sufficient renewable energy supply for H2-DRI deployment due to uneven distribution of these energy sources. Renewable energy can fulfill 97-100% of hydrogen demand at the moderate scale, whereas the aggressive scale requires supplemented fossil fuels accounting for one-third to one-half. H2-DRI can decarbonize steel production to 0.15–0.91 t CO2 t-1 steel at the moderate scale, but the emissions would raise by up to over sixfold at the aggressive scale. Furthermore, H2-DRI fueled by solar and wind energy exhibits poorer economic and water usage performance at the aggressive scale. We highlight the necessity of avoiding excessive H2-DRI deployment and recommend prioritizing its implementation in steel units located in regions with abundant solar and wind sources nearby.