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<p>An artificial leaf mimicking the function of a natural leaf has recently attracted significant attention due to its minimal space requirement and low cost compared to wired photoelectrochemical and photovoltaic-electrochemical systems for solar hydrogen production. However, it remains a challenge to achieve a practical-size solar water-splitting device that can fulfill the criteria of a solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency above 10%, long-term durability, and scalability. Here, we develop 1 cm<sup>2</sup> perovskite-based photoelectrodes using a defect-less, chlorine-doped formamidinium lead triiodide as photo-absorber and ultraviolet-insensitive tin oxide as an electron transport layers. This device is encapsulated using electrocatalyst-deposited nickel foils, which demonstrates high photocurrent density and high stability for 140 h. Ultimately, we fabricate a scalable mini-module-sized artificial leaf (16 cm<sup>2</sup>) consisting of a side-by-side/parallel configuration of photoanode and photocathode architecture integrated with a 4 × 4 array of 1 cm<sup>2</sup> photoelectrodes, which maintains a stable ‘module-level’ solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of 11.2% in an unbiased solar water-splitting under 1-sun illumination.</p>

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Scalable and durable module-sized artificial leaf with a solar-to-hydrogen efficiency over 10%

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月6日

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  • Dharmesh Hansora,
  • Rashmi Mehrotra,
  • Eunseo Noh,
  • Jin Wook Yoo,
  • Minkyung Kim,
  • Woo Jin Byun,
  • Jaewang Park,
  • Ji-Wook Jang,
  • Sang Il Seok,
  • Jae Sung Lee

摘要

An artificial leaf mimicking the function of a natural leaf has recently attracted significant attention due to its minimal space requirement and low cost compared to wired photoelectrochemical and photovoltaic-electrochemical systems for solar hydrogen production. However, it remains a challenge to achieve a practical-size solar water-splitting device that can fulfill the criteria of a solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency above 10%, long-term durability, and scalability. Here, we develop 1 cm2 perovskite-based photoelectrodes using a defect-less, chlorine-doped formamidinium lead triiodide as photo-absorber and ultraviolet-insensitive tin oxide as an electron transport layers. This device is encapsulated using electrocatalyst-deposited nickel foils, which demonstrates high photocurrent density and high stability for 140 h. Ultimately, we fabricate a scalable mini-module-sized artificial leaf (16 cm2) consisting of a side-by-side/parallel configuration of photoanode and photocathode architecture integrated with a 4 × 4 array of 1 cm2 photoelectrodes, which maintains a stable ‘module-level’ solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of 11.2% in an unbiased solar water-splitting under 1-sun illumination.