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<p>The development of scalable photoelectrochemical water splitting with high solar-to-hydrogen efficiency and long-term stability is essential while challenging for practical application. Here, we design a BiVO<sub>4</sub> photoanode with gradient distributed oxygen vacancies, which induces strong dipole fields to promote charge separation. Growing sea-urchin-like FeOOH cocatalyst on the photoanode leads to a photocurrent density of 7.0 mA cm<sup>−2</sup> at 1.23 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode and is stable for over 520 h under AM 1.5 G illumination. By integrating with a silicon photovoltaic cell, the standalone artificial leaf achieves a solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of 8.4%. The scale-up of these artificial leaves up to 441 cm<sup>2</sup> in size can deliver a solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of 2.7% under natural sunlight. Life cycle assessment analysis shows that solar water splitting has little environmental footprint for hydrogen production. Our study demonstrates the possibility of designing metal oxide-based artificial leaves for scalable solar hydrogen production.</p>

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A standalone bismuth vanadate-silicon artificial leaf achieving 8.4% efficiency for hydrogen production

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月21日

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  • Boyan Liu,
  • Xin Wang,
  • Yingjuan Zhang,
  • Mingshan Zhu,
  • Chenxin Zhang,
  • Shaobin Li,
  • Yanhang Ma,
  • Wei Huang,
  • Songcan Wang

摘要

The development of scalable photoelectrochemical water splitting with high solar-to-hydrogen efficiency and long-term stability is essential while challenging for practical application. Here, we design a BiVO4 photoanode with gradient distributed oxygen vacancies, which induces strong dipole fields to promote charge separation. Growing sea-urchin-like FeOOH cocatalyst on the photoanode leads to a photocurrent density of 7.0 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode and is stable for over 520 h under AM 1.5 G illumination. By integrating with a silicon photovoltaic cell, the standalone artificial leaf achieves a solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of 8.4%. The scale-up of these artificial leaves up to 441 cm2 in size can deliver a solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of 2.7% under natural sunlight. Life cycle assessment analysis shows that solar water splitting has little environmental footprint for hydrogen production. Our study demonstrates the possibility of designing metal oxide-based artificial leaves for scalable solar hydrogen production.