Accurate stacking engineering of MOF nanosheets as membranes for precise H₂ sieving

Two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic framework (MOF) nanosheet membranes hold promise for exact molecular transfer due to their structural diversity and well-defined in-plane nanochannels. However, achieving precise regulation of stacking modes between neighboring nanosheets in membrane applications and understanding its influence on separation performance remains unrevealed and challenging. Here, we propose a strategy for accurately controlling the stacking modes of MOF nanosheets via linker polarity regulation. Both theoretical calculations and experimental results demonstrate that a high linker polarity promotes neighboring nanosheets to a maximum AB stacking due to steric hindrance effects, leading to a controlled effective pore size of the membrane and consequently to improved molecular sieving. Among series of CuBDC-based 2D MOFs with different linkers, the CuBDC-NO₂ nanosheet membranes exhibit a reduced effective stacking aperture of 0.372 nm, yielding H₂ permeance of 4.44 × 10⁻⁷ mol m⁻² s⁻¹ Pa⁻¹ with a high H₂/CO₂ and H₂/CH₄ selectivity of 266 and 536, respectively. This work represents the in-depth investigation of the accurate tuning of MOF nanosheet stacking in the field of 2D materials, offering more perspectives for broader applications with universality for various 2D materials.