Main-group element-boosted oxygen electrocatalysis of Cu-N-C sites for zinc-air battery with cycling over 5000 h

Developing highly active and durable air cathode catalysts is crucial yet challenging for rechargeable zinc-air batteries. Herein, a size-adjustable, flexible, and self-standing carbon membrane catalyst encapsulating adjacent Cu/Na dual-atom sites is prepared using a solution blow spinning technique combined with a pyrolysis strategy. The intrinsic activity of the Cu-N₄ site is boosted by the neighboring Na-containing functional group, which enhances O₂ adsorption and optimizes the rate-determining step of O₂ activation (*O₂ → *OOH) during the oxygen reduction reaction process. Meanwhile, the Cu-N₄ sites are encapsulated within carbon nanofibers and anchored by the carbon matrix to form a C₂-Cu-N₄ configuration, thereby reinforcing the stability of the Cu centers. Moreover, the introduction of Na-containing functional groups on the carbon atoms significantly reduces the positive charge on their outer shell C atoms, rendering the carbon skeletons less susceptible to corrosion by oxygen species and further preventing the dissolution of Cu centers. Under these multi-type regulations, the zinc-air battery with Cu/Na-carbon membrane catalyst as the air cathode demonstrates long-term discharge/charge cycle stability of over 5000 h. This considerable stability improvement represents a critical step towards developing Cu-N₄ active sites modified with the neighboring main-group metal-containing functional groups to overcome the durability barriers of zinc-air batteries for future practical applications.