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Background <p>The long-term effects of breakfast on childhood z-BMI remain inconclusive.</p> Objective <p>To prospectively assess the impact of stable and altered breakfast consumption habits on z-BMI change over two years, in school-aged children across six European countries.</p> Methods <p>Data of 6,528 children (8.2 ± 1.0 years, 48.9% male) from the Feel4Diabetes study were used. Children’s lifestyle behaviors, including breakfast frequency, were assessed through parent‐reported questionnaires. Weight and height were objectively measured and converted to z-BMI. Participants were categorized into trajectories combining breakfast consumption habit (i.e., regular consumption, irregular consumption or omission) at baseline and follow up. Logistic regression analyzed the prospective association between breakfast trajectories and z-BMI increase, with adjustment for demographic and lifestyle variables.</p> Results <p>A statistically significant effect of breakfast trajectories was observed in z-BMI, both at baseline and follow up. Stable skippers was the only trajectory that showed a significant increase in BMI z-score from baseline to follow up (0.891 ± 1.058 vs. 1.034 ± 1.072 respectively, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). BMI z-score at follow up of regular eaters (0.615 ± 0.967) was significantly lower, compared to both irregular eaters (1.229 ± 0.890) and stable skippers (both <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Stable regular consumption and transition from omission to regular consumption were independently associated with significantly lower risk of z-BMI gain, compared to stable omission [OR, 95% CI: 0.55 (0.31, 0.97), <i>p</i> = 0.039 and 0.43 (0.21, 0.88), <i>p</i> = 0.021 respectively].</p> Conclusion <p>Stable regular breakfast consumption or transition from omission to regular consumption seem to contribute to superior weight regulation in children and to independently protect against z-BMI gain, compared to stable omission. Further studies are warranted to extend the evidence on the breakfast habit-BMI association among children.</p>

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Prospective association between breakfast consumption frequency and BMI z-score among European school-aged children. The Feel4Diabetes Study

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年1月25日

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  • Panayiota Kostarellou,
  • Costas A. Anastasiou,
  • Eva Karaglani,
  • Violeta Iotova,
  • Natalya Usheva,
  • Tsvetalina Tankova,
  • Imre Rurik,
  • Stavros Liatis,
  • Natalia Giménez Legarre,
  • Luis A. Moreno,
  • Jaana Lindstrom,
  • Katja Wikström,
  • Greet Cardon,
  • Konstantinos Makrilakis,
  • Yannis Manios,
  • Peter Schwarz,
  • Lieven Annemans,
  • Winne Ko,
  • Kalliopi Karatzi,
  • Odysseas Androutsos,
  • George Moschonis,
  • Spyridon Kanellakis,
  • Christina Mavrogianni,
  • Konstantina Tsoutsoulopoulou,
  • Christina Katsarou,
  • Irini Qira,
  • Efstathios Skoufas,
  • Konstantina Maragkopoulou,
  • Antigone Tsiafitsa,
  • Irini Sotiropoulou,
  • Michalis Tsolakos,
  • Effie Argyri,
  • Mary Nikolaou,
  • Eleni-Anna Vampouli,
  • Christina Filippou,
  • Kyriaki Apergi,
  • Amalia Filippou,
  • Gatsiou Katerina,
  • Efstratios Dimitriadis,
  • Tiina Laatikainen,
  • Jemina Kivelä,
  • Päivi Valve,
  • Esko Levälahti,
  • Eeva Virtanen,
  • Tiina Pennanen,
  • Seija Olli,
  • Karoliina Nelimarkka,
  • Vicky Van Stappen,
  • Nele Huys,
  • Ruben Willems,
  • Samyah Shadid,
  • Patrick Timpel,
  • George Dafoulas,
  • Christina-Paulina Lambrinou,
  • Angeliki Giannopoulou,
  • Ernest Karuranga,
  • Fernando Civeira,
  • Gloria Bueno,
  • Pilar De Miguel-Etayo,
  • Esther Mª Gonzalez-Gil,
  • María L. Miguel-Berges,
  • Natalia Giménez-Legarre,
  • Paloma Flores-Barrantes,
  • Alelí M. Ayala-Marín,
  • Miguel Seral-Cortés,
  • Lucia Baila-Rueda,
  • Ana Cenarro,
  • Estíbaliz Jarauta,
  • Rocío Mateo-Gallego,
  • Kaloyan Tsochev,
  • Nevena Chakarova,
  • Sonya Galcheva,
  • Rumyana Dimova,
  • Yana Bocheva,
  • Zhaneta Radkova,
  • Vanya Marinova,
  • Yuliya Bazdarska,
  • Tanya Stefanova,
  • Timea Ungvari,
  • Zoltán Jancsó,
  • Anna Nánási,
  • László Kolozsvári,
  • Csilla Semánova,
  • Éva Bíró,
  • Emese Antal,
  • Sándorné Radó,
  • Remberto Martinez,
  • Marcos Tong

摘要

Background

The long-term effects of breakfast on childhood z-BMI remain inconclusive.

Objective

To prospectively assess the impact of stable and altered breakfast consumption habits on z-BMI change over two years, in school-aged children across six European countries.

Methods

Data of 6,528 children (8.2 ± 1.0 years, 48.9% male) from the Feel4Diabetes study were used. Children’s lifestyle behaviors, including breakfast frequency, were assessed through parent‐reported questionnaires. Weight and height were objectively measured and converted to z-BMI. Participants were categorized into trajectories combining breakfast consumption habit (i.e., regular consumption, irregular consumption or omission) at baseline and follow up. Logistic regression analyzed the prospective association between breakfast trajectories and z-BMI increase, with adjustment for demographic and lifestyle variables.

Results

A statistically significant effect of breakfast trajectories was observed in z-BMI, both at baseline and follow up. Stable skippers was the only trajectory that showed a significant increase in BMI z-score from baseline to follow up (0.891 ± 1.058 vs. 1.034 ± 1.072 respectively, p < 0.05). BMI z-score at follow up of regular eaters (0.615 ± 0.967) was significantly lower, compared to both irregular eaters (1.229 ± 0.890) and stable skippers (both p < 0.05). Stable regular consumption and transition from omission to regular consumption were independently associated with significantly lower risk of z-BMI gain, compared to stable omission [OR, 95% CI: 0.55 (0.31, 0.97), p = 0.039 and 0.43 (0.21, 0.88), p = 0.021 respectively].

Conclusion

Stable regular breakfast consumption or transition from omission to regular consumption seem to contribute to superior weight regulation in children and to independently protect against z-BMI gain, compared to stable omission. Further studies are warranted to extend the evidence on the breakfast habit-BMI association among children.