Cross-sectional associations of actigraphy-assessed sleep with dietary outcomes in emerging adults

Emerging adults (~18–28 years of age) have a high prevalence of poor sleeping habits and poor diet quality; however, little is known on whether these poor sleeping habits are associated with dietary outcomes in this age group. This study assessed associations between actigraphy-based sleep with energy intake (EI), overall diet quality, and measures of meal timing in emerging adults.

Data on 135 emerging adults (age = 19.4 ± 1.3 years; body mass index (BMI) = 26.5 ± 6.9 kg/m²; 58% female; 65% White) from the RIGHT Track Health project were used. Measures included actigraphy-assessed sleep duration, sleep efficiency, sleep timing midpoint, day-to-day sleep duration and sleep timing midpoint variability and combined sleep duration and sleep timing behaviors (early-bed/late-rise, early-bed/early-rise, late-bed/late-rise, late-bed/early-rise); EI (three 24-h dietary recalls), diet quality (Healthy Eating Index 2015 total score) and meal timing outcomes (timing of first and last meal intake, total duration, and midpoint of the eating window).

Shorter sleep duration, later sleep timing midpoint and greater sleep efficiency, as well as combined late-bed/late-rise and late-bed/early-rise groups, were associated with lower diet quality. Greater sleep timing midpoint variability was associated with higher EI, and the late-bed/early-rise group had significantly delayed first meal timing.

In emerging adults, shorter sleep duration and later sleep timing are associated with lower overall diet quality, and greater sleep timing variability is associated with higher EI. Future research is needed to examine the role of sleep on diet quality and eating habits to identify potential targets for nutritional interventions in this age group.