<p>Once the root canal space is shaped and disinfected, it must be sealed to prevent recontamination, which can compromise treatment success and lead to reinfection. This crucial phase of root canal therapy is known as obturation - a term derived from the Latin <i>obturare</i>, meaning to block, close, or obstruct. The primary goal of obturation is to create a bacteria-tight/fluid-tight seal within the root canal system, preventing bacterial ingress and entombing any residual microorganisms that may remain after cleaning and shaping. Achieving an optimal seal requires a thorough understanding of the various materials and techniques available, as well as their respective advantages and limitations. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the materials and clinical techniques used in root canal obturation, including traditional and contemporary approaches. Additionally, it explores the rationale behind material selection and technique adaptation, equipping clinicians with the knowledge to make informed decisions tailored to individual clinical scenarios. By evaluating the properties and performance of different sealers and obturation methods, this paper aims to guide practitioners toward the most effective and predictable outcomes in endodontic treatment.</p>