Scholarlink

Background <p>Immersive virtual reality proved effective in pediatric procedural pain and anxiety management, yet the extent to which age modifies these effects remains uncertain. Notably, the two most recent and widely cited meta-analyses (Eijlers et al., 2019 and Tas et al., 2022) reported conflicting conclusions.</p> Methods <p>We performed a Bayesian meta-reanalysis of the above mentioned meta-analyses. We extracted standardized mean differences (SMD) for pain (<i>n</i> = 21) and anxiety (<i>n</i> = 10), plus study-level age, sex distribution, quality score, and procedure type. Primary outcomes were pooled SMDs; the secondary outcome was the age effect estimated with a Bayesian random-effects meta-regression. We report pooled effects, age slope (ΔSMD/year), heterogeneity, 95% credible intervals (CrI), and posterior probabilities (P[β_age&gt;0]).</p> Results <p>Virtual reality is strongly associated with reductions in both pain (SMD −0.69, CrI −0.93 to −0.47) and anxiety (SMD −0.75, CrI −1.05 to −0.49). Age was associated with variation in effect size for both pain: 0.10 ΔSMD/year (CrI 0.02–0.19; P[β<sub>age</sub> &gt; 0] = 0.988), and anxiety: 0.13 ΔSMD/year (CrI 0.02–0.25; P[β<sub>age</sub> &gt; 0] = 0.991), indicating attenuation of benefit with increasing age.</p> Conclusion <p>Immersive virtual reality proves effective in pediatric procedural pain and anxiety management, with benefits diminishing with increasing age. Bayesian evidence synthesis should be increasingly applied to pediatric research, where studies are small and highly heterogeneous.</p> Impact <p><UnorderedList Mark="Bullet"> <ItemContent> <p>Immersive virtual reality significantly reduces procedural pain and anxiety in children, but its effectiveness decreases with increasing age.</p> </ItemContent> <ItemContent> <p>This Bayesian meta-reanalysis reconciles conflicting findings from prior frequentist meta-analyses, showing that age is a key determinant of non-pharmacological pain management efficacy.</p> </ItemContent> <ItemContent> <p>Findings advocate for age-specific implementation of immersive virtual reality and encourage adoption of Bayesian evidence synthesis methods to better inform pediatric clinical guidelines where studies are small and heterogeneous.</p> </ItemContent> </UnorderedList></p>

错误：搜索内容不能为空，请输入英文关键词
错误：关键词超出字数限制，请精简
高级检索

Age matters in pediatric pain care: Bayesian meta-reanalysis of virtual reality trials

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月26日

查看全文
  • Enrico Cocchi,
  • Silvia Bloise,
  • Federico Marchetti

摘要

Background

Immersive virtual reality proved effective in pediatric procedural pain and anxiety management, yet the extent to which age modifies these effects remains uncertain. Notably, the two most recent and widely cited meta-analyses (Eijlers et al., 2019 and Tas et al., 2022) reported conflicting conclusions.

Methods

We performed a Bayesian meta-reanalysis of the above mentioned meta-analyses. We extracted standardized mean differences (SMD) for pain (n = 21) and anxiety (n = 10), plus study-level age, sex distribution, quality score, and procedure type. Primary outcomes were pooled SMDs; the secondary outcome was the age effect estimated with a Bayesian random-effects meta-regression. We report pooled effects, age slope (ΔSMD/year), heterogeneity, 95% credible intervals (CrI), and posterior probabilities (P[β_age>0]).

Results

Virtual reality is strongly associated with reductions in both pain (SMD −0.69, CrI −0.93 to −0.47) and anxiety (SMD −0.75, CrI −1.05 to −0.49). Age was associated with variation in effect size for both pain: 0.10 ΔSMD/year (CrI 0.02–0.19; P[βage > 0] = 0.988), and anxiety: 0.13 ΔSMD/year (CrI 0.02–0.25; P[βage > 0] = 0.991), indicating attenuation of benefit with increasing age.

Conclusion

Immersive virtual reality proves effective in pediatric procedural pain and anxiety management, with benefits diminishing with increasing age. Bayesian evidence synthesis should be increasingly applied to pediatric research, where studies are small and highly heterogeneous.

Impact

Immersive virtual reality significantly reduces procedural pain and anxiety in children, but its effectiveness decreases with increasing age.

This Bayesian meta-reanalysis reconciles conflicting findings from prior frequentist meta-analyses, showing that age is a key determinant of non-pharmacological pain management efficacy.

Findings advocate for age-specific implementation of immersive virtual reality and encourage adoption of Bayesian evidence synthesis methods to better inform pediatric clinical guidelines where studies are small and heterogeneous.