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Background <p>Status epilepticus (SE) is a life-threatening pediatric emergency requiring rapid anticonvulsants. While midazolam and diazepam are standard benzodiazepines, their comparative efficacy across various administration routes remains debated. We synthesized high-quality evidence to guide clinical protocols.</p> Methods <p>We searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane for randomized controlled trials comparing buccal, intramuscular, and intravenous formulations. We evaluated treatment outcomes including therapeutic success (seizure cessation), recurrence, and drug-related side effects. We employed meta-analysis, trial sequential analysis (TSA), and GRADE to ensure the robustness of the evidence.</p> Results <p>Nine RCT studies (<i>n</i> = 1135 children) were included. Midazolam demonstrated superior therapeutic success (RR = 1.13, 95% CI 1.03–1.25, <i>p</i> = 0.01), with TSA confirming conclusive benefit for the buccal route (RR = 1.30, <i>p</i> = 0.002). Midazolam significantly reduced treatment failure (RR = 0.74, 95% CI 0.57–0.95, <i>p</i> = 0.02) and seizure recurrence (RR = 0.51, <i>p</i> = 0.04). Time-to-cessation was shorter with non-intravenous routes (MD = −2.39 min, <i>p</i> = 0.01). Safety profiles regarding respiratory depression were comparable between groups.</p> Conclusion <p>Midazolam is the preferred first-line anticonvulsant for pediatric status epilepticus. It offers superior therapeutic success, lower failure rates, and reduced recurrence, particularly via buccal and intramuscular routes. Given comparable safety, this evidence strongly supports updating emergency medical services guidelines to prioritize non-intravenous midazolam.</p> Impact <p><UnorderedList Mark="Bullet"> <ItemContent> <p>Midazolam demonstrates superior efficacy over diazepam, particularly via buccal and intramuscular routes.</p> </ItemContent> <ItemContent> <p>It addresses critical prehospital delays by bypassing the high failure rates associated with pediatric vascular access.</p> </ItemContent> <ItemContent> <p>Intramuscular administration matches intravenous efficacy while enabling immediate intervention without specialized equipment.</p> </ItemContent> <ItemContent> <p>Additionally, buccal and nasal formulations represent the most cost-effective non-intravenous rescue options available.</p> </ItemContent> <ItemContent> <p>Guidelines must prioritize these practical routes for EMS settings, necessitating policy updates to remove insurance barriers.</p> </ItemContent> </UnorderedList></p> <p></p>

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Efficacy, safety, route of administration of midazolam and diazepam for pediatric status epilepticus: systematic review, meta-analysis, and trial sequential analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月28日

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  • Ahmed Kertam,
  • Nourhan Hatem,
  • Omar Mahmood AL-AZZAWI,
  • Long. H. Tu,
  • Ahmed Harb,
  • Mohamed Sabri Hassanin,
  • Israa Abdeen,
  • Mariam Mostafa,
  • Salma Allam,
  • Mohamed Mostafa,
  • Yehia Nabil

摘要

Background

Status epilepticus (SE) is a life-threatening pediatric emergency requiring rapid anticonvulsants. While midazolam and diazepam are standard benzodiazepines, their comparative efficacy across various administration routes remains debated. We synthesized high-quality evidence to guide clinical protocols.

Methods

We searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane for randomized controlled trials comparing buccal, intramuscular, and intravenous formulations. We evaluated treatment outcomes including therapeutic success (seizure cessation), recurrence, and drug-related side effects. We employed meta-analysis, trial sequential analysis (TSA), and GRADE to ensure the robustness of the evidence.

Results

Nine RCT studies (n = 1135 children) were included. Midazolam demonstrated superior therapeutic success (RR = 1.13, 95% CI 1.03–1.25, p = 0.01), with TSA confirming conclusive benefit for the buccal route (RR = 1.30, p = 0.002). Midazolam significantly reduced treatment failure (RR = 0.74, 95% CI 0.57–0.95, p = 0.02) and seizure recurrence (RR = 0.51, p = 0.04). Time-to-cessation was shorter with non-intravenous routes (MD = −2.39 min, p = 0.01). Safety profiles regarding respiratory depression were comparable between groups.

Conclusion

Midazolam is the preferred first-line anticonvulsant for pediatric status epilepticus. It offers superior therapeutic success, lower failure rates, and reduced recurrence, particularly via buccal and intramuscular routes. Given comparable safety, this evidence strongly supports updating emergency medical services guidelines to prioritize non-intravenous midazolam.

Impact

Midazolam demonstrates superior efficacy over diazepam, particularly via buccal and intramuscular routes.

It addresses critical prehospital delays by bypassing the high failure rates associated with pediatric vascular access.

Intramuscular administration matches intravenous efficacy while enabling immediate intervention without specialized equipment.

Additionally, buccal and nasal formulations represent the most cost-effective non-intravenous rescue options available.

Guidelines must prioritize these practical routes for EMS settings, necessitating policy updates to remove insurance barriers.