<p>Reduced drive to socially engage is observed across neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric conditions. However, previous research has relied on disorder-specific conceptualizations and measurement approaches that might obscure important differences in how social drive manifests and its underlying neurobiological mechanisms, both within and across different diagnostic categories. In this commentary, we argue that a model of reward processing that deconstructs social drive into ‘orienting’, ‘wanting’, ‘pursuing’, ‘liking’ and ‘learning’ processes can advance mechanistic and phenomenological understanding. Implementing this framework necessitates a multimethod measurement approach, combining rigorously validated behavioral measures and neurobiological sampling while leveraging specific developmental principles within a longitudinal research framework. Through these concerted efforts, the field will make significant strides towards developing a biologically grounded account of clinical phenomena characterized by different profiles of atypical drive to engage with others, which is a first and critical step toward the development of accurate prediction models and specific treatments.</p>