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<p>Windows contribute significantly to energy inefficiency in electric vehicles and buildings, and the development of smart windows with customized optical responses catering to various purposes presents a significant challenge. Vanadium dioxide (VO<sub>2</sub>) Fabry-Perot resonator has emerged as an effective device to modulate heat transfer passively to enhance energy-saving performance, with its efficacy highly limited by the complex interrelationship between the structure and multispectral selectivity. This study introduces a physics-guided neural network to design energy-efficient thermochromic smart windows for directional privacy protection (DPP). Guided by machine learning predictions, the VO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticle size- and spacer-controlled DPP smart window exhibits a targeted luminous transmission (&lt;0.15) with both high modulation of near-infrared transmittance of 0.12 and longwave infrared radiation emissivity of 0.56, surpassing both commercial and the best-reported windows. When applied in electric vehicles and building envelopes, the DPP smart window demonstrated superior thermal management compared to commercial counterparts. This work provides a framework for the inverse design of function-oriented smart windows, advancing energy-efficient solutions for real-world applications.</p>

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Machine learning-assisted highly efficient thermal management in function-oriented thermochromic smart windows

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月22日

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  • Zhengui Zhou,
  • Changyuan Chen,
  • Bin Li,
  • Rong Liu,
  • Shouqin Tian,
  • Bin Hu,
  • Yi Long

摘要

Windows contribute significantly to energy inefficiency in electric vehicles and buildings, and the development of smart windows with customized optical responses catering to various purposes presents a significant challenge. Vanadium dioxide (VO2) Fabry-Perot resonator has emerged as an effective device to modulate heat transfer passively to enhance energy-saving performance, with its efficacy highly limited by the complex interrelationship between the structure and multispectral selectivity. This study introduces a physics-guided neural network to design energy-efficient thermochromic smart windows for directional privacy protection (DPP). Guided by machine learning predictions, the VO2 nanoparticle size- and spacer-controlled DPP smart window exhibits a targeted luminous transmission (<0.15) with both high modulation of near-infrared transmittance of 0.12 and longwave infrared radiation emissivity of 0.56, surpassing both commercial and the best-reported windows. When applied in electric vehicles and building envelopes, the DPP smart window demonstrated superior thermal management compared to commercial counterparts. This work provides a framework for the inverse design of function-oriented smart windows, advancing energy-efficient solutions for real-world applications.