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<p>Lanthanide-based probes for second near-infrared (NIR-II) luminescence imaging enable deep-tissue penetration with minimal autofluorescence. However, their broader application is hindered by intrinsic limitations such as low brightness and weak absorption. To address these, we developed a dye-sensitized construct, NaErF<sub>4</sub>@NaYF<sub>4</sub>:50%Yb@ICG. This design harnesses population dynamics in heavily doped Er<sup>3+</sup> systems through a cascaded energy transfer process enabled by dual 808 nm excitation of both indocyanine green (ICG) and the Er<sup>3+</sup>-rich core—specifically, it harvests energy destined for nonradiative decay by inserting a Yb<sup>3+</sup>-mediated relay (ICG → Yb<sup>3+</sup> → Er<sup>3+</sup>) into the original ICG → Er<sup>3+</sup> pathway. This approach yields 1965-fold and 11-fold enhancements in 1525 nm downshifting emission compared to the corresponding core and counterpart, respectively. The resulting nanoprobe enables high-resolution NIR-IIb vascular imaging with a signal-to-background ratio of 3.09. These mechanistic insights and design principles inform the design of efficient NIR-II nanoprobes, demonstrating substantial potential for advancing vascular biology.</p>

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Dye-sensitized cascaded energy transfer for amplified 1525 nm luminescence in highly doped lanthanide nanoparticles

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月27日

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  • Fei Long,
  • Dechao Gan,
  • Haoran Chen,
  • Qiqing Li,
  • Wang Wang,
  • Zexuan Sui,
  • Youlin Zhang,
  • Dabing Li,
  • Yulei Chang

摘要

Lanthanide-based probes for second near-infrared (NIR-II) luminescence imaging enable deep-tissue penetration with minimal autofluorescence. However, their broader application is hindered by intrinsic limitations such as low brightness and weak absorption. To address these, we developed a dye-sensitized construct, NaErF4@NaYF4:50%Yb@ICG. This design harnesses population dynamics in heavily doped Er3+ systems through a cascaded energy transfer process enabled by dual 808 nm excitation of both indocyanine green (ICG) and the Er3+-rich core—specifically, it harvests energy destined for nonradiative decay by inserting a Yb3+-mediated relay (ICG → Yb3+ → Er3+) into the original ICG → Er3+ pathway. This approach yields 1965-fold and 11-fold enhancements in 1525 nm downshifting emission compared to the corresponding core and counterpart, respectively. The resulting nanoprobe enables high-resolution NIR-IIb vascular imaging with a signal-to-background ratio of 3.09. These mechanistic insights and design principles inform the design of efficient NIR-II nanoprobes, demonstrating substantial potential for advancing vascular biology.