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<p>Narrow-linewidth vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are key enablers for chip-scale atomic clocks and quantum sensors, yet conventional designs suffer from short cavity lengths and excess spontaneous emission, resulting in broad linewidths and degraded frequency stability. Here, we demonstrate a monolithically integrated VCSEL operating at the cesium D<sub>1</sub> line (894.6 nm) that achieves intrinsic linewidth compression to ~1 MHz, without requiring external optical feedback. This performance is enabled by embedding a passive cavity adjacent to the active region, which spatially redistributes the optical field into a low-loss region, extending photon lifetime while suppressing higher-order transverse and longitudinal modes. The resulting device exhibits robust single-mode operation over a wide current and temperature range, with side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR) &gt; 35 dB, orthogonal polarization suppression ratio (OPSR) &gt; 25 dB and a beam divergence of ~7°. Integrated into a Cesium vapor-cell atomic clock, the VCSEL supports a frequency stability of 1.89 × 10<sup>–12</sup> τ<sup>-1/2</sup>. These results position this VCSEL architecture as a compact, scalable solution for next-generation quantum-enabled frequency references and sensing platforms.</p>

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1-MHz linewidth VCSEL enabled by monolithically integrated passive cavity for high-stability chip-scale atomic clocks

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月29日

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  • Zhiting Tang,
  • Chuanlin Li,
  • Xuhao Zhang,
  • Wuyang Ren,
  • Kai Shen,
  • Chuang Li,
  • Qingsong Bai,
  • Jin Li,
  • Aobo Ren,
  • Hao Wang,
  • Xiaorong Luo,
  • Hongxing Xu,
  • Jiang Wu

摘要

Narrow-linewidth vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are key enablers for chip-scale atomic clocks and quantum sensors, yet conventional designs suffer from short cavity lengths and excess spontaneous emission, resulting in broad linewidths and degraded frequency stability. Here, we demonstrate a monolithically integrated VCSEL operating at the cesium D1 line (894.6 nm) that achieves intrinsic linewidth compression to ~1 MHz, without requiring external optical feedback. This performance is enabled by embedding a passive cavity adjacent to the active region, which spatially redistributes the optical field into a low-loss region, extending photon lifetime while suppressing higher-order transverse and longitudinal modes. The resulting device exhibits robust single-mode operation over a wide current and temperature range, with side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR) > 35 dB, orthogonal polarization suppression ratio (OPSR) > 25 dB and a beam divergence of ~7°. Integrated into a Cesium vapor-cell atomic clock, the VCSEL supports a frequency stability of 1.89 × 10–12 τ-1/2. These results position this VCSEL architecture as a compact, scalable solution for next-generation quantum-enabled frequency references and sensing platforms.