<p>The enduring enigma surrounding the near-infrared (NIR) emission of Mn<sup>2+</sup> continues to ignite intense academic discussions. Numerous hypotheses have emerged from extensive research endeavors to explain this phenomenon, such as the formation of Mn<sup>2+</sup>–Mn<sup>2+</sup> ion pairs, Mn<sup>2+</sup> occupying cubically coordinated sites, as well as conjectures positing the involvement of Mn<sup>3+</sup> oxidized from Mn<sup>2+</sup> or defects. Despite these diverse and valuable insights, none of the hypotheses have yet achieved broad consensus. In this study, we have observed prolonged fluorescence lifetimes (~10 ms) for the NIR emissions of Mn<sup>2+</sup> ions, hinting at these ions occupying the high-symmetry octahedral sites inherent to the garnet lattice. This inference is supported by the corroborating results from X-ray absorption fine structure analysis and first-principles calculations. The intense crystal field of octahedral sites, similar to that of AlO<sub>6</sub>, facilitates the splitting of <i>d</i>–<i>d</i> energy levels, thereby inducing a red-shift in the emission spectrum to the NIR region due to the transition <sup>4</sup>T<sub>1</sub>(<sup>4</sup>G) → <sup>6</sup>A<sub>1</sub>(<sup>6</sup>S) of isolated Mn<sup>2+</sup>. Our findings not only offer a plausible rationale for the NIR emission exhibited by other Mn<sup>2+</sup>-activated garnet phosphors but also pave a definitive route towards understanding the fundamental mechanisms responsible for the NIR emission of Mn<sup>2+</sup> ions.</p>

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Tracing the origin of near-infrared emissions emanating from manganese (II)

  • Yu Xiao,
  • Xun Yang,
  • Hao-Ran Zhao,
  • Dan Wu,
  • Ming-Xing Chen,
  • Tianxiang Zheng,
  • Rui Zhang,
  • Ling-Dong Sun,
  • Chun-Hua Yan

摘要

The enduring enigma surrounding the near-infrared (NIR) emission of Mn2+ continues to ignite intense academic discussions. Numerous hypotheses have emerged from extensive research endeavors to explain this phenomenon, such as the formation of Mn2+–Mn2+ ion pairs, Mn2+ occupying cubically coordinated sites, as well as conjectures positing the involvement of Mn3+ oxidized from Mn2+ or defects. Despite these diverse and valuable insights, none of the hypotheses have yet achieved broad consensus. In this study, we have observed prolonged fluorescence lifetimes (~10 ms) for the NIR emissions of Mn2+ ions, hinting at these ions occupying the high-symmetry octahedral sites inherent to the garnet lattice. This inference is supported by the corroborating results from X-ray absorption fine structure analysis and first-principles calculations. The intense crystal field of octahedral sites, similar to that of AlO6, facilitates the splitting of dd energy levels, thereby inducing a red-shift in the emission spectrum to the NIR region due to the transition 4T1(4G) → 6A1(6S) of isolated Mn2+. Our findings not only offer a plausible rationale for the NIR emission exhibited by other Mn2+-activated garnet phosphors but also pave a definitive route towards understanding the fundamental mechanisms responsible for the NIR emission of Mn2+ ions.