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Objective <p>To explore differences in human milk hormones with metabolic conditions (obesity and/or diabetes) during pregnancy and the relationship with infant adiposity.</p> Study design <p>In a prospective cohort of term and preterm infants, hormones were measured in early human milk, and growth was assessed at discharge. Differences in hormones by metabolic conditions and the relationship with growth were modeled using quantile and linear regression.</p> Result <p>Among 38 infants (mean gestational age 35.2 weeks), 50% were in the metabolic-group. Milk leptin was higher in the metabolic-group, with median difference 427 pg/mL (95% CI: 3.2, 850.9). After adjustment for exposure to maternal milk, each 10-fold change in leptin related to 2.1 cm (95% CI: 0.3, 4.2) increase in abdominal circumference and each 10-fold change in insulin related to 1.1 cm (95% CI: 0.03, 2.1) increase in mid-arm circumference, while other effects were attenuated.</p> Conclusion <p>In this explorative study, leptin was higher in human milk from women with metabolic conditions, and human milk hormones predicted growth at discharge.</p>

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Metabolic health conditions in pregnancy, human milk hormone concentrations, and infant adiposity

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月29日

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  • Clare Keeney,
  • Bridget E. Young,
  • Veronika Shabanova,
  • Sarah N. Taylor,
  • Catherine O. Buck

摘要

Objective

To explore differences in human milk hormones with metabolic conditions (obesity and/or diabetes) during pregnancy and the relationship with infant adiposity.

Study design

In a prospective cohort of term and preterm infants, hormones were measured in early human milk, and growth was assessed at discharge. Differences in hormones by metabolic conditions and the relationship with growth were modeled using quantile and linear regression.

Result

Among 38 infants (mean gestational age 35.2 weeks), 50% were in the metabolic-group. Milk leptin was higher in the metabolic-group, with median difference 427 pg/mL (95% CI: 3.2, 850.9). After adjustment for exposure to maternal milk, each 10-fold change in leptin related to 2.1 cm (95% CI: 0.3, 4.2) increase in abdominal circumference and each 10-fold change in insulin related to 1.1 cm (95% CI: 0.03, 2.1) increase in mid-arm circumference, while other effects were attenuated.

Conclusion

In this explorative study, leptin was higher in human milk from women with metabolic conditions, and human milk hormones predicted growth at discharge.