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<p>Clinically significant fetomaternal hemorrhage (FMH) can have devastating consequences on the newborn infant. Acute FMH close to childbirth can present with hypovolemia, shock, metabolic acidosis, and encephalopathy. Chronic FMH can be associated with congestive heart failure, pulmonary edema, hydrops and hepatomegaly. Early recognition and timely management of FMH are crucial in improving outcomes. This review article summarizes the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, management and outcomes of clinically significant FMH. Current knowledge gaps in diagnosis and management of FMH are additionally described.</p>

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Fetomaternal hemorrhage: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and clinical management

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月5日

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  • Deepika Sankaran,
  • Evan Giusto,
  • Michelle J. Lim,
  • Rebecca Valdez,
  • Satyan Lakshminrusimha

摘要

Clinically significant fetomaternal hemorrhage (FMH) can have devastating consequences on the newborn infant. Acute FMH close to childbirth can present with hypovolemia, shock, metabolic acidosis, and encephalopathy. Chronic FMH can be associated with congestive heart failure, pulmonary edema, hydrops and hepatomegaly. Early recognition and timely management of FMH are crucial in improving outcomes. This review article summarizes the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, management and outcomes of clinically significant FMH. Current knowledge gaps in diagnosis and management of FMH are additionally described.