Estimation of the causal effect of sex on neonatal intensive care unit outcomes among very low birth weight infants

Estimate the causal effect of sex on outcomes in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) among very low birth weight (VLBW) infants.

Retrospective cohort study using Vermont Oxford Network data to compare NICU outcomes for VLBW males versus females. Odds ratios (OR) for outcomes that differed significantly by sex were computed using standard unweighted analysis and inverse probability weighted (IPW) analysis to correct for selection bias.

Using standard analysis, males were significantly more likely to die before discharge and experience six other adverse outcomes. From IPW analysis, male sex caused a 56% increase in the odds of death before discharge (OR = 1.56, 95% confidence interval: 1.18–1.94). Standard unweighted results were significantly biased towards increased risk of adverse outcomes for males (p = 0.005) compared to IPW results for which three outcomes were no longer significantly associated with male sex.

Standard statistical methods generally overestimate the casual effect of sex among VLBW infants.