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Background <p>This biomonitoring study investigated levels of multi-mycotoxin biomarkers in the urine of subjects living in three different geographic locations and dietary patterns in China.</p> Objective <p>This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the inner-exposure characteristics to multiple mycotoxins within the Chinese population.</p> Methods <p>The study involved a total of 311 healthy volunteers, with 103 from Anhui Province, 102 from Henan Province, and 106 from Sichuan Province. UHPLC-MS/MS was employed to analyze seven mycotoxin biomarkers [total deoxynivalenol (DONt), β-zearalenol (β-ZEL), nivalenol (NIV), α-zearalenol (α-ZEL), diacetoxycyclohexenol (DAS), zearalenone (ZEN), aflatoxin M<sub>1</sub> (AFM<sub>1</sub>)] in urine samples. Urinary biomarker concentrations were used to estimate probable daily intake (PDI), further calculate hazard quotient (HQ), and hazard index (HI).</p> Results <p>In the study population, DON was the most prevalent (100%) with a mean concentration of 90.77 ng/ml, followed by β-ZEL (27.97%), NIV (24.76%), α-ZEL (24.12%), DAS (12.86%), ZEN (6.11%) and AFM<sub>1</sub> (10.96%) in urine samples. The mean PDI for DONt, ZENt and NIV in the total population were 3.02 µg/kg bw/d, 0.01 µg/kg bw/d and 0.79 µg/kg bw/d, respectively. There were 61.09% of the total population with an HQ &gt; 1 for DONt, while 0.96% and 10.93% had an HQ &gt; 1 for ZENt and NIV, respectively. Moreover, approximately 64.31% of urine samples exhibited the co-occurrence of two or more mycotoxins. The most common binary and ternary combinations were DONt-ZENt (46.34%) and DONt-ZENt-NIV (19.02%). The percentages of HI &gt; 1 for DONt-ZENt and DONt-ZENt-NIV were 61.09% and 69.77% respectively.</p> Impact <p>In the present study, the co-occurrence pattern and cumulative risk of the metabolite biomarkers of multi-mycotoxins were firstly revealed in three typical areas with different climate types and dietary patterns. This study helps assess the health risks of mycotoxin exposure under different environmental and dietary conditions, reveals the relationship between diet and mycotoxin exposure, and provides scientific support for mitigating the harmful effects of mycotoxins on human health.</p>

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A comparative study of urinary mycotoxin biomarkers co-occurrence patterns and cumulative risk assessment in population from three typical areas in China

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月22日

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  • Ying-Ying Zhou,
  • Ming-Lu Li,
  • Xiao-Dan Wang,
  • Hai-Bin Xu,
  • Jiang Liang

摘要

Background

This biomonitoring study investigated levels of multi-mycotoxin biomarkers in the urine of subjects living in three different geographic locations and dietary patterns in China.

Objective

This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the inner-exposure characteristics to multiple mycotoxins within the Chinese population.

Methods

The study involved a total of 311 healthy volunteers, with 103 from Anhui Province, 102 from Henan Province, and 106 from Sichuan Province. UHPLC-MS/MS was employed to analyze seven mycotoxin biomarkers [total deoxynivalenol (DONt), β-zearalenol (β-ZEL), nivalenol (NIV), α-zearalenol (α-ZEL), diacetoxycyclohexenol (DAS), zearalenone (ZEN), aflatoxin M1 (AFM1)] in urine samples. Urinary biomarker concentrations were used to estimate probable daily intake (PDI), further calculate hazard quotient (HQ), and hazard index (HI).

Results

In the study population, DON was the most prevalent (100%) with a mean concentration of 90.77 ng/ml, followed by β-ZEL (27.97%), NIV (24.76%), α-ZEL (24.12%), DAS (12.86%), ZEN (6.11%) and AFM1 (10.96%) in urine samples. The mean PDI for DONt, ZENt and NIV in the total population were 3.02 µg/kg bw/d, 0.01 µg/kg bw/d and 0.79 µg/kg bw/d, respectively. There were 61.09% of the total population with an HQ > 1 for DONt, while 0.96% and 10.93% had an HQ > 1 for ZENt and NIV, respectively. Moreover, approximately 64.31% of urine samples exhibited the co-occurrence of two or more mycotoxins. The most common binary and ternary combinations were DONt-ZENt (46.34%) and DONt-ZENt-NIV (19.02%). The percentages of HI > 1 for DONt-ZENt and DONt-ZENt-NIV were 61.09% and 69.77% respectively.

Impact

In the present study, the co-occurrence pattern and cumulative risk of the metabolite biomarkers of multi-mycotoxins were firstly revealed in three typical areas with different climate types and dietary patterns. This study helps assess the health risks of mycotoxin exposure under different environmental and dietary conditions, reveals the relationship between diet and mycotoxin exposure, and provides scientific support for mitigating the harmful effects of mycotoxins on human health.