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Background <p>Farmers in Northern Thailand are chronically exposed to organophosphate pesticides (OPs) through agricultural activities and to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from seasonal biomass burning. Both toxicants have been linked to neurobehavioral impairments, but little is known about their combined effects.</p> Objectives <p>This study aimed to investigate the association between urinary biomarkers of exposure to OPs and PAHs and neurobehavioral performance among farmers in rural agricultural communities, including potential interaction effects of co-exposure.</p> Methods <p>A total of 115 farmers aged 20–70 years in Northern Thailand were recruited. Urinary dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolites, biomarkers of OPs exposure, and 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), a biomarker of PAHs exposure, were measured. Neurobehavioral performance was assessed using the digit span test (DST), Purdue pegboard test (PEG), and visual-motor integration (VMI) test.</p> Results <p>Higher urinary dimethylphosphate (DMP) levels were significantly associated with lower DST forward digit span (<i>β</i> ± SE = −0.807 ± 0.284) and maximum forward digit span scores (<i>β</i> ± SE = −0.350 ± 0.159), indicating cognitive impairment. Increased 1-OHP levels were significantly correlated with lower VMI raw (<i>β</i> ± SE = −0.529 ± 0.236) and standard scores (<i>β</i> ± SE = −3.188 ± 1.239), suggesting impaired visual-motor integration. Notably, significant interaction effects were observed between DMP and 1-OHP on forward digit span (<i>β</i> ± SE = −0.244 ± 0.104) and VMI raw scores (<i>β</i> ± SE = −0.311 ± 0.121), and between DEP and 1-OHP on VMI performance (<i>β</i> ± SE = −0.264 ± 0.131 for raw score and −1.755 ± 0.686 for standard score), indicating that co-exposure may amplify neurobehavioral deficits.</p> <p></p> Impact <p><UnorderedList Mark="Bullet"> <ItemContent> <p>This study underscores the need for integrated interventions through improved pesticide safety, consistent use of personal protective equipment, and air pollution mitigation strategies.</p> </ItemContent> </UnorderedList></p>

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Neurobehavioral performance of dual exposure to organophosphate pesticides and PAHs among farmers in rural agriculture communities

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月14日

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  • Noppharath Sangkarit,
  • Ajchamon Thammachai,
  • Boonsita Suwannakul,
  • Surat Hongsibsong,
  • Juthasiri Rohitrattana,
  • Jinjuta Panumasvivat,
  • Pheerasak Assavanopakun,
  • Ratana Sapbamrer

摘要

Background

Farmers in Northern Thailand are chronically exposed to organophosphate pesticides (OPs) through agricultural activities and to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from seasonal biomass burning. Both toxicants have been linked to neurobehavioral impairments, but little is known about their combined effects.

Objectives

This study aimed to investigate the association between urinary biomarkers of exposure to OPs and PAHs and neurobehavioral performance among farmers in rural agricultural communities, including potential interaction effects of co-exposure.

Methods

A total of 115 farmers aged 20–70 years in Northern Thailand were recruited. Urinary dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolites, biomarkers of OPs exposure, and 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), a biomarker of PAHs exposure, were measured. Neurobehavioral performance was assessed using the digit span test (DST), Purdue pegboard test (PEG), and visual-motor integration (VMI) test.

Results

Higher urinary dimethylphosphate (DMP) levels were significantly associated with lower DST forward digit span (β ± SE = −0.807 ± 0.284) and maximum forward digit span scores (β ± SE = −0.350 ± 0.159), indicating cognitive impairment. Increased 1-OHP levels were significantly correlated with lower VMI raw (β ± SE = −0.529 ± 0.236) and standard scores (β ± SE = −3.188 ± 1.239), suggesting impaired visual-motor integration. Notably, significant interaction effects were observed between DMP and 1-OHP on forward digit span (β ± SE = −0.244 ± 0.104) and VMI raw scores (β ± SE = −0.311 ± 0.121), and between DEP and 1-OHP on VMI performance (β ± SE = −0.264 ± 0.131 for raw score and −1.755 ± 0.686 for standard score), indicating that co-exposure may amplify neurobehavioral deficits.

Impact

This study underscores the need for integrated interventions through improved pesticide safety, consistent use of personal protective equipment, and air pollution mitigation strategies.