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<p>Superhydrophobic coatings are promising for mitigating water-driven deterioration of sandstone relics, but most of them often reduce breathability, causing internal moisture buildup and further damage. Herein, we developed a high-performance, fluoride-free superhydrophobic (water contact angle = 153.7°) and breathable coating on sandstone surfaces via simple in-situ growth of triethoxy(octyl)silane (OTES)-modified ZIF-8 nanosheets. Remarkably, this coating displayed excellent breathable ability, with water vapor permeability (WVP) comparable to that of pristine sandstone. Even at 98% relative humidity (RH), it effectively blocked external water vapor invasion. This performance arises from the ZIF-8 gradient structure, where particle density and size gradually change from the substrate surface to the interior. Moreover, the coating exhibits excellent stability, resisting sandpaper abrasion, tape peeling, rainwater, and acid-rain erosion, acid and alkali solution immersion tests, as well as soluble salt dissolution-crystallization cycles and freeze-thaw cycles. This work would offer a new strategy for high-performance sandstone relic protective materials.</p>

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In-situ fabrication of fluoride-free, breathable superhydrophobic structures for the effective protection of sandstone-based cultural heritage

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月25日

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  • Lei Wang,
  • Xuxin An,
  • Yu Lei,
  • Yi Liu,
  • Li Li,
  • Yong Li,
  • Ke Zhang,
  • Zhuo Wang,
  • Tao Ma,
  • Shaojun Yan,
  • Jianfeng Zhu

摘要

Superhydrophobic coatings are promising for mitigating water-driven deterioration of sandstone relics, but most of them often reduce breathability, causing internal moisture buildup and further damage. Herein, we developed a high-performance, fluoride-free superhydrophobic (water contact angle = 153.7°) and breathable coating on sandstone surfaces via simple in-situ growth of triethoxy(octyl)silane (OTES)-modified ZIF-8 nanosheets. Remarkably, this coating displayed excellent breathable ability, with water vapor permeability (WVP) comparable to that of pristine sandstone. Even at 98% relative humidity (RH), it effectively blocked external water vapor invasion. This performance arises from the ZIF-8 gradient structure, where particle density and size gradually change from the substrate surface to the interior. Moreover, the coating exhibits excellent stability, resisting sandpaper abrasion, tape peeling, rainwater, and acid-rain erosion, acid and alkali solution immersion tests, as well as soluble salt dissolution-crystallization cycles and freeze-thaw cycles. This work would offer a new strategy for high-performance sandstone relic protective materials.