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<p>Surface microbiomes drive biodeterioration of ancient architecture, but their assembly mechanisms remain unclear. Using high-throughput sequencing, we analyzed microbial communities on earthen and stone walls and on wood carvings at Huguang Guild Hall in Chongqing. On earthen and stone walls, stochastic processes (dispersal limitation and drift) dominated bacterial assembly (54.5–89.4%). Rainwater enriched moisture-adapted Cyanobacteriota via homogeneous selection, increasing bacterial network stability but decreasing fungal network stability. Tourist contact increased bacterial stochasticity (89.4%) but shifted fungal assembly towards homogeneous selection (52.4%). On wood carvings, fungal assembly was overwhelmingly governed by homogeneous selection (90.4%), whereas bacterial colonization relied on stochastic drift. These findings reveal that substrate type, water exposure, and human contact differentially shape bacterial and fungal assembly, supporting targeted conservation strategies, including moisture management, regulation of tourist contact, and coating maintenance.</p><p></p>

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Microbial community composition and assembly on ancient architecture surfaces in Huguang Guild Hall, Chongqing

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月21日

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  • Xiaoling Qiu,
  • Fan Huang,
  • Shiqi Chen,
  • Jinyao Zhao,
  • Pingping Jia,
  • Xiaoning Zhao

摘要

Surface microbiomes drive biodeterioration of ancient architecture, but their assembly mechanisms remain unclear. Using high-throughput sequencing, we analyzed microbial communities on earthen and stone walls and on wood carvings at Huguang Guild Hall in Chongqing. On earthen and stone walls, stochastic processes (dispersal limitation and drift) dominated bacterial assembly (54.5–89.4%). Rainwater enriched moisture-adapted Cyanobacteriota via homogeneous selection, increasing bacterial network stability but decreasing fungal network stability. Tourist contact increased bacterial stochasticity (89.4%) but shifted fungal assembly towards homogeneous selection (52.4%). On wood carvings, fungal assembly was overwhelmingly governed by homogeneous selection (90.4%), whereas bacterial colonization relied on stochastic drift. These findings reveal that substrate type, water exposure, and human contact differentially shape bacterial and fungal assembly, supporting targeted conservation strategies, including moisture management, regulation of tourist contact, and coating maintenance.