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<p>Endocarps of the genus <i>Rubus</i> are frequently recovered from archaeobotanical assemblages in China, yet species-level identification has remained limited due to the lack of systematic endocarp morphological references. Here, we establish the first comprehensive endocarp morphology atlas for <i>Rubus</i> based on the analysis of mature endocarps from 126 modern taxa in China, including 22 varieties. Using this atlas, <i>Rubus</i> endocarps recovered from seven archeological sites dating from the Shang–Zhou dynasties to the present were identified, including one carbonized and six uncarbonized specimens, and assigned to <i>Rubus lambertianus</i>, <i>R. parvifolius</i>, <i>R. flosculosus</i>, <i>R. coreanus</i> var. <i>tomentosus</i>, <i>R. trianthus</i>, and <i>R. adenophorus</i>. In addition, previously reported <i>Rubus</i> endocarps from nine archeological sites were re-evaluated and primarily attributed to <i>R. parvifolius</i>, <i>R. hirsutus</i>, and <i>R. rosifolius</i>. This morphological atlas provides a standardized reference for identifying archeological <i>Rubus</i> endocarps and supports more refined interpretations of their past distribution and use in China.</p>

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Identification of archaeological Rubus endocarps using modern morphological references

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月7日

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  • Aoyu Ren,
  • Xiaojiao Ma,
  • Yujiao Zhao,
  • Xinmin Xu,
  • Minzhen Yin,
  • Hetian Jin

摘要

Endocarps of the genus Rubus are frequently recovered from archaeobotanical assemblages in China, yet species-level identification has remained limited due to the lack of systematic endocarp morphological references. Here, we establish the first comprehensive endocarp morphology atlas for Rubus based on the analysis of mature endocarps from 126 modern taxa in China, including 22 varieties. Using this atlas, Rubus endocarps recovered from seven archeological sites dating from the Shang–Zhou dynasties to the present were identified, including one carbonized and six uncarbonized specimens, and assigned to Rubus lambertianus, R. parvifolius, R. flosculosus, R. coreanus var. tomentosus, R. trianthus, and R. adenophorus. In addition, previously reported Rubus endocarps from nine archeological sites were re-evaluated and primarily attributed to R. parvifolius, R. hirsutus, and R. rosifolius. This morphological atlas provides a standardized reference for identifying archeological Rubus endocarps and supports more refined interpretations of their past distribution and use in China.