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<p>During the Eastern Zhou period (770–256 BCE), commoners specialized in craft production (<i>gong</i>), trade (<i>shang</i>), or farming (<i>nong</i>). However, how this division of labor affected their diet was unclear. Stable isotope analysis (δ<sup>13</sup>C and δ<sup>15</sup>N) of 110 bone samples from 64 individuals at Tianli cemetery (a commoner burial ground of the <i>Zheng</i> state) reveals that wheat and millet were staple foods, with small amounts of animal products. Males and females differed in diet. The diet of females was generally undifferentiated, with wheat and modest amounts of meat as staple foods. In contrast, males had consumed more diverse food sources overall, with some individuals consuming larger amounts of millet and protein-rich foods. These dietary differences may be explained by occupational roles or the division of labor.</p>

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Diet-based gender difference and division of labor among Eastern Zhou Commoners at Tianli Cemetery, Henan

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月20日

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  • Longjun Li,
  • Wenquan Fan,
  • Lei Sun,
  • Sha Lei,
  • Xin Wang

摘要

During the Eastern Zhou period (770–256 BCE), commoners specialized in craft production (gong), trade (shang), or farming (nong). However, how this division of labor affected their diet was unclear. Stable isotope analysis (δ13C and δ15N) of 110 bone samples from 64 individuals at Tianli cemetery (a commoner burial ground of the Zheng state) reveals that wheat and millet were staple foods, with small amounts of animal products. Males and females differed in diet. The diet of females was generally undifferentiated, with wheat and modest amounts of meat as staple foods. In contrast, males had consumed more diverse food sources overall, with some individuals consuming larger amounts of millet and protein-rich foods. These dietary differences may be explained by occupational roles or the division of labor.