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<p>In humid environments, vegetation root systems are a primary threat to earthen sites, yet quantitative assessment of root systems remains severely constrained. This study proposes a root assessment framework specifically designed for earthen sites where belowground root samples are scarce. Using the Shugang rammed-earth remains as a case study, we developed predictive models for root density across shallow-, medium-, and overall layers, as well as maximum rooting depth. These models integrated GPR-derived measurements from 28 non-standard sampling plots and regional-scale ALS point cloud data. Results indicated that models with multi-resolution segmentation units significantly outperformed traditional fishnet-based methods, effectively enhancing model stability under small-sample conditions. The optimal validation R² reached 0.861 for maximum rooting depth and 0.804 for root overall average density. This framework overcomes sample scarcity and non-standard plot constraints in archeological contexts, providing a technical pathway for regional-scale mapping and preventive management of root-related risks at earthen sites.</p>

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Root mapping in earthen sites using airborne laser scanning and ground penetrating radar

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月30日

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  • Lu Chen,
  • Xuyuan Yue,
  • Shuhan Xu,
  • Huiyi Sun,
  • Yong Guo,
  • Hao Yin

摘要

In humid environments, vegetation root systems are a primary threat to earthen sites, yet quantitative assessment of root systems remains severely constrained. This study proposes a root assessment framework specifically designed for earthen sites where belowground root samples are scarce. Using the Shugang rammed-earth remains as a case study, we developed predictive models for root density across shallow-, medium-, and overall layers, as well as maximum rooting depth. These models integrated GPR-derived measurements from 28 non-standard sampling plots and regional-scale ALS point cloud data. Results indicated that models with multi-resolution segmentation units significantly outperformed traditional fishnet-based methods, effectively enhancing model stability under small-sample conditions. The optimal validation R² reached 0.861 for maximum rooting depth and 0.804 for root overall average density. This framework overcomes sample scarcity and non-standard plot constraints in archeological contexts, providing a technical pathway for regional-scale mapping and preventive management of root-related risks at earthen sites.