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<p>The Zlatý kůň (ZK) skull from Czechia dated to ~45 ka BP is a uniquely well-preserved specimen representing an early out-of-Africa population. Its preservation makes it ideal for facial approximation (FA), a compelling way to bring scientific insights to the public. Here we present three independent FAs of ZK—manual forensic, manual hyperrealistic, and virtual—compared both with each other and with extant European and African facial variation. Geometric morphometrics was used to quantify differences in facial form and shape. All FAs fell within modern human variation with slightly more robust morphology reflecting the specimen’s Upper Paleolithic context. The manual FAs—translating localized skeletal features more directly—align closely with African facial variation, whereas the virtual FA—constrained by deformation of a modern European reference template—exhibits a more gracile configuration. Our results underscore both conceptual differences influencing FA outcomes and the significance of visual reconstructions in communicating human origins.</p>

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From bone to face: How different reconstruction frameworks influence the appearance of the Early Upper Paleolithic woman

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月7日

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  • Rebeka Rmoutilová,
  • Pavla Zedníková Malá,
  • Renitta Rajan Thottungal,
  • Élisabeth Daynès,
  • Ján Dupej,
  • Karel Kleisner,
  • Šimon Pokorný,
  • Petr Velemínský,
  • Jaroslav Brůžek,
  • Jana Velemínská

摘要

The Zlatý kůň (ZK) skull from Czechia dated to ~45 ka BP is a uniquely well-preserved specimen representing an early out-of-Africa population. Its preservation makes it ideal for facial approximation (FA), a compelling way to bring scientific insights to the public. Here we present three independent FAs of ZK—manual forensic, manual hyperrealistic, and virtual—compared both with each other and with extant European and African facial variation. Geometric morphometrics was used to quantify differences in facial form and shape. All FAs fell within modern human variation with slightly more robust morphology reflecting the specimen’s Upper Paleolithic context. The manual FAs—translating localized skeletal features more directly—align closely with African facial variation, whereas the virtual FA—constrained by deformation of a modern European reference template—exhibits a more gracile configuration. Our results underscore both conceptual differences influencing FA outcomes and the significance of visual reconstructions in communicating human origins.