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<p>Tibetan Buddhist monasteries constitute a distinctive religious–cultural landscape across the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Yet quantitative models explaining the spatial determinants of different sects across Tibetan-inhabited areas remain limited, constraining systematic understanding of this heritage landscape. Here we integrate spatial analysis with a maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model to examine these patterns. The results reveal a pronounced west–east gradient in monastery distribution, with major clusters in the Hehuang Valley of Amdo, eastern Kham, and the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River in U-Tsang. Six variables—elevation, topographic position index, temperature, precipitation, distance to rivers, and a human activity intensity index—together explain more than 90% of the observed distribution pattern. The Nyingma and Gelug sects exhibit substantially broader suitable habitat ranges than the other three sects. These findings clarify how environmental and cultural factors jointly shape Tibetan Buddhist landscapes and inform heritage survey and conservation planning.</p>

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MaxEnt–based simulation of spatial patterns and driving forces of Tibetan Buddhist monasteries in Tibetan inhabited area, China

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月29日

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  • Zhenyu Yang,
  • Yao Yang,
  • Yaolong Zhao

摘要

Tibetan Buddhist monasteries constitute a distinctive religious–cultural landscape across the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Yet quantitative models explaining the spatial determinants of different sects across Tibetan-inhabited areas remain limited, constraining systematic understanding of this heritage landscape. Here we integrate spatial analysis with a maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model to examine these patterns. The results reveal a pronounced west–east gradient in monastery distribution, with major clusters in the Hehuang Valley of Amdo, eastern Kham, and the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River in U-Tsang. Six variables—elevation, topographic position index, temperature, precipitation, distance to rivers, and a human activity intensity index—together explain more than 90% of the observed distribution pattern. The Nyingma and Gelug sects exhibit substantially broader suitable habitat ranges than the other three sects. These findings clarify how environmental and cultural factors jointly shape Tibetan Buddhist landscapes and inform heritage survey and conservation planning.