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<p>This study proposes a multi-modal Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-Scanning Electron Microscopy (NMR-SEM) approach to evaluate the synergistic damage caused by salt crystallization-freeze-thaw (SCFT) cycles in heritage limestone. Multi-parameter experiments were designed to systematically investigate the coupled effects of salt ions (from H<sub>2</sub>O, NaCl, Na<sub>2</sub>SO₄) and cyclic duration (0d-90d) on pore structure evolution. The research elucidated the dynamic evolution mechanism of micro-cracks under SCFT coupling and established a fractal dimension dynamics methodology to reveal nonlinear degradation patterns in the microstructure. The results show that SCFT-drived deterioration is governed by periodic temperature fluctuations, chemical dissolution of saline solutions and crystallization pressure. After 90 days, the porosity evolution rate followed the sequence the NaCl&gt;Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> &gt; H<sub>2</sub>O. Fractal dimension (D) increased nonlinearly with SCFT, 29.11% and 22.78% higher for NaCl and Na₂SO₄ than H₂O group. These results establish quantitative indicators for assessing SCFT coupled deterioration in grotto limestone.</p>

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Multi-modal NMR-SEM approach for deciphering salt crystallization-freeze-thaw synergistic damage in limestone

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月22日

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  • Zhiliu Wang,
  • Yulong Wang,
  • Yongqiang Zhao,
  • Chaolong Ma,
  • Jiabao Tang,
  • Mengxin Hu,
  • Xinming Li,
  • Song Yin,
  • Kebin Ren

摘要

This study proposes a multi-modal Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-Scanning Electron Microscopy (NMR-SEM) approach to evaluate the synergistic damage caused by salt crystallization-freeze-thaw (SCFT) cycles in heritage limestone. Multi-parameter experiments were designed to systematically investigate the coupled effects of salt ions (from H2O, NaCl, Na2SO₄) and cyclic duration (0d-90d) on pore structure evolution. The research elucidated the dynamic evolution mechanism of micro-cracks under SCFT coupling and established a fractal dimension dynamics methodology to reveal nonlinear degradation patterns in the microstructure. The results show that SCFT-drived deterioration is governed by periodic temperature fluctuations, chemical dissolution of saline solutions and crystallization pressure. After 90 days, the porosity evolution rate followed the sequence the NaCl>Na2SO4 > H2O. Fractal dimension (D) increased nonlinearly with SCFT, 29.11% and 22.78% higher for NaCl and Na₂SO₄ than H₂O group. These results establish quantitative indicators for assessing SCFT coupled deterioration in grotto limestone.