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<p>Digital heritage preservation benefits from blockchain’s secure, decentralized management, but faces scalability issues like high costs and congestion. To address this, we propose VERAONET, a novel Layer-2 framework with a pluggable consensus architecture enabling dynamic switching between Proof of Work (PoW), Adjustable PoW (APoW), Proof of Stake (PoS), and Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) based on real-time network conditions. Evaluated in Ganache (10–500 users) and Geth (50–10,000 users) testbeds, results show PoS and DPoS excelled under high load, reducing latency and gas consumption, while PoW/APoW were effective for low-traffic, high-security needs. The adaptive algorithm enhanced transaction finality and resource efficiency, proving highly suitable for dynamic virtual museums. VERAONET provides a scalable, sustainable infrastructure for cultural heritage, with future work on AI-driven optimization and cross-chain interoperability.</p>

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VERAONET: a virtual ecosystem for rewards and archaeological operations network

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月27日

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  • Omer Aziz,
  • Muhammad Shoaib Farooq,
  • Adel khelifi,
  • Abdullah Omer

摘要

Digital heritage preservation benefits from blockchain’s secure, decentralized management, but faces scalability issues like high costs and congestion. To address this, we propose VERAONET, a novel Layer-2 framework with a pluggable consensus architecture enabling dynamic switching between Proof of Work (PoW), Adjustable PoW (APoW), Proof of Stake (PoS), and Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) based on real-time network conditions. Evaluated in Ganache (10–500 users) and Geth (50–10,000 users) testbeds, results show PoS and DPoS excelled under high load, reducing latency and gas consumption, while PoW/APoW were effective for low-traffic, high-security needs. The adaptive algorithm enhanced transaction finality and resource efficiency, proving highly suitable for dynamic virtual museums. VERAONET provides a scalable, sustainable infrastructure for cultural heritage, with future work on AI-driven optimization and cross-chain interoperability.