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<p>Typological classification of late-modern church buildings provides a basis for understanding the spatial evolution of religious architecture and heritage characteristics. In densely distributed regions like Shanxi, church forms, locations, and institutional backgrounds are highly heterogeneous, making single-attribute clustering inadequate. This study proposes a graph-enhanced clustering method integrating GIS-based spatial adjacency, architectural configuration, and institutional affiliation, with graph neural networks extracting node embeddings for single- and multi-relation clustering. Three representative types—Standardized Basilica Expansion, Localized Hybrid Adaptation, and Highland Western Composite—reflect Shanxi’s historical transition from isolation to openness and from traditional to hybrid local-imported forms, highlighting interactions among religious dissemination, topography, and construction practices. The findings demonstrate the value of combining spatial adjacency and semantic information in graph-based models, providing a transferable approach for typological classification and supporting pattern recognition in heritage studies.</p>

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Graph-enhanced clustering of late modern churches via multi-dimensional semantic feature integration

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月14日

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  • Feng Kang,
  • Wenchen Li,
  • Lan Li,
  • Zhongchao Zhou,
  • Jiahe Wang

摘要

Typological classification of late-modern church buildings provides a basis for understanding the spatial evolution of religious architecture and heritage characteristics. In densely distributed regions like Shanxi, church forms, locations, and institutional backgrounds are highly heterogeneous, making single-attribute clustering inadequate. This study proposes a graph-enhanced clustering method integrating GIS-based spatial adjacency, architectural configuration, and institutional affiliation, with graph neural networks extracting node embeddings for single- and multi-relation clustering. Three representative types—Standardized Basilica Expansion, Localized Hybrid Adaptation, and Highland Western Composite—reflect Shanxi’s historical transition from isolation to openness and from traditional to hybrid local-imported forms, highlighting interactions among religious dissemination, topography, and construction practices. The findings demonstrate the value of combining spatial adjacency and semantic information in graph-based models, providing a transferable approach for typological classification and supporting pattern recognition in heritage studies.