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<p>Agricultural archaeology faces limitations in differentiating manure sources via stable isotopes (e.g., <i>δ¹⁵</i>N). This study establishes a microbial-functional identification framework that deciphers prehistoric manuring strategies in Guanzhong dryland millet systems by linking microbial taxa to soil biochemistry. Pig manure (ZH) significantly enriched <i>Actinobacteria</i> (27.12%), elevating nitrate-N (10.54 mg·kg<sup>−1</sup>) and Olsen P (151.13 mg·kg<sup>−1</sup>), evidencing a “fast nutrient-<i>Actinobacteria</i> synergy” that archaeologically explains spatial co-occurrence of pig husbandry and millet storage. Sheep manure (YH) drove peak urease activity (1.64 mg·g<sup>−1</sup>).) but depleted P ( ↓ 37.72% vs ZH), clarifying its rarity in archaeological records within calcareous soils. Cattle manure (NH) showed slow-release properties, aligning with modern topdressing. Chemical fertilizer (CF) reduced microbial richness by approximately 4.4% compared to organic manure treatments (based on ACE/Chao indices). Our manure identification framework re-orients agricultural archaeology from isotope tracing toward comprehensive integration of soil biochemical processes and microbial functional networks.</p>

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Soil microbial and enzymatic signatures decode ancient millet fertilization strategies in Guanzhong arid farmlands

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月1日

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  • Zhizhen Feng,
  • Xue Shang,
  • Bo Li,
  • Huiyong Ouyang,
  • Yuxin Lu,
  • Junchao Jia,
  • Tao Qin,
  • Hong Yan,
  • Jianqiang Liang

摘要

Agricultural archaeology faces limitations in differentiating manure sources via stable isotopes (e.g., δ¹⁵N). This study establishes a microbial-functional identification framework that deciphers prehistoric manuring strategies in Guanzhong dryland millet systems by linking microbial taxa to soil biochemistry. Pig manure (ZH) significantly enriched Actinobacteria (27.12%), elevating nitrate-N (10.54 mg·kg−1) and Olsen P (151.13 mg·kg−1), evidencing a “fast nutrient-Actinobacteria synergy” that archaeologically explains spatial co-occurrence of pig husbandry and millet storage. Sheep manure (YH) drove peak urease activity (1.64 mg·g−1).) but depleted P ( ↓ 37.72% vs ZH), clarifying its rarity in archaeological records within calcareous soils. Cattle manure (NH) showed slow-release properties, aligning with modern topdressing. Chemical fertilizer (CF) reduced microbial richness by approximately 4.4% compared to organic manure treatments (based on ACE/Chao indices). Our manure identification framework re-orients agricultural archaeology from isotope tracing toward comprehensive integration of soil biochemical processes and microbial functional networks.